Question

Q1: Write the etiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis and precautions for Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

Q2: Write difference between bacterial and viral meningitis.

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Answer 1

Answer 1) Chediak-Higashi syndrome-

Etiology- Genetic mutation in the LYST gene is the primary cause of Cediak-Higashi syndrome. This mutation disrupts the functioning of lysosomes which contributes to unregulated lysosomal trafficking.

Clinical presentation- The disease has a few characteristic presentations like oculocutaneous albinism which means that the discoloration of skin, hair, and eyes. Immunodeficiency is another clinical presentation of this disease which causes a number of bacterial and viral infection in the patient. Bleeding is also associated with this disease.

Pathogenesis- the Basic function of lysosome in the body is to digest all the unwanted and toxic material in the body. Therefore, the disruption in lysosome will cause abnormal functioning in the body. Due to this mutation, the lysosomes become large in size and could not perform its functions which makes the immune system prone to a number of infections. Melanosomes (kind of lysosomes) entraps large quantities of melanocytes inside them, which are the cells that provide color to the skin, hairs, and color. This will cause less distribution of melanin in the body causing albinism in the affected individuals. There were also instances where the abnormal function of lysosomes was seen in red blood cell which causes bleeding in the patients.

Precautions- Proper precautions must be taken for the management of this disease which involves taking of anti-bacterials and antivirals to prevent the diseases that will occur due to the suppressed immune symptom. Bleeding must be stopped by platelet transfusion.

Source- Journal paper- "Chediak-Higashi Syndrome" by Camilo Toro, Elena-Raluca Nicoli, May Christine Malicdan, David R Adams, and Wendy J Introne.

Answer 2) Difference between bacterial and viral meningitis.

Definition- Bacterial meningitis is a condition in which inflammation is caused by bacteria whereas, viral meningitis is a condition where inflammation is caused by the virus.

Causative agent- Bacterial meningitis is caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, and Neisseria meningitides whereas; viral meningitis is caused by the virus such as Poliovirus, Echovirus, and Coxsackie.

Associated complications- Bacterial meningitis is associated with brain damage, cognitive skill disability, and hearing loss whereas, in viral meningitis complication does not occur frequently.

Treatment- To treat bacterial meningitis antibacterial or vaccines are prescribed whereas, for viral meningitis treatment is not specified in most cases or some cases are cured by giving antivirals.

Mode of spreading-Bacterial meningitis spread through contact with the diseased person's fluid whereas, viral meningitis spread by saliva or stool.