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1-1. The SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, meaning it is surrounded by a bilayer of membrane...

1-1. The SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, meaning it is surrounded by a bilayer of membrane that it acquires as it exits the host cell.

a. What is the host membrane bilayer made of?

b. What is the other main macromolecule that comprises the “fluid mosaic” model of a cell membrane?

1-2. To gain entry, spikes of the SARS-CoV-2 bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) found in epithelial cells especially of the respiratory and oral passageways. As such, these cells are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 is a protein consisting of multiple alpha-helices that is embedded in, and spans, the membrane. What is this type of protein called, and what structure do the alpha helices represent?

1-3. Following binding of spike proteins to ACE2, SARS-CoV-2 likely gains entry into the cell either via fusion of its envelope with the cell membrane, or via endocytosis. If the latter, the virus must escape the endosome before fusion with the cellular lysosome. Once inside the cytoplasm, the virus unpackages and its positive stranded RNA genome is released.

a. What is endocytosis?

b. What is a lysosome, and what is its importance in the cell?

c. What type of macromolecule is RNA?

2. Following protein synthesis, RNA genome and proteins assemble to form virus particles that then bud into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen and then on to the Golgi apparatus. Next, they are transported via Golgi vesicles to the cell membrane, where they are released via exocytosis. Define ER, Golgi apparatus, and exocytosis, and explain how this process undertaken by these viruses is comparable to processes regularly used by the cell.

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Answer #1

1-1

a. some viruses are surrounded by a lipid bilayer,the envelope,which is derived from the plasma membrane of the host

cell and contains various membrane proteins

b. phospholipids

1-2

Recombinant protein of human angiotensin l converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A)2

The alpha helix is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand helix conformation in which every backbone N-H group hydrogen bonds to the back bone C=O group of the amino acid located three or four residues earlier along the protein sequences.Among types of local structure in proteins ,the alpha helix is the most extreme and te most predictable from sequence as well as the most prevalent

1-3

a.Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought in to the cell.the material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material. endocytosis includes pinocytosis (cell drinking)and phagocytosis(cell eating).it is a form of active transport.

b.A lysosome is a membrane bound organelle found in many animal cells.they are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down many kinds of biomolecules.A lysosome has a specific composition ,of both its membrane proteins and its lumenal proteins.besides degradation of polymers ,the lyysosome is involved in the various cell processes,including secretion,plasmamembrane repair,cell signaling, and energy metabolism

c.Ribonucleic acid is a polmeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding ,decoding,regulation and expression of genes

2.Endoplasmic reticulum

The surface of the rough endoplasmic recticulum is studded with protein manufacturing ribosomes giving it a rough appearence.the binding site of ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the translocon.

Golgi apparatus

the golgi apparatus also known as the golgi complex is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm ,it packages proteins into membrane bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination.it resides at the intersection of the secretory,lysosomal and endocytic pathways.

Exocytosis

exocytosisis a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules.out of the cell by secreting them through an energ dependent processes.exocytosis is in process a large amount of molecules are released thus making it a form of bulk transport.membrane bound secretory vesicles are carried to the cell membrane and their contents are secreted into the extracellular environment.

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