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What is the overall effect of ACh & direct cholinergic drugs on the heart? What is the overall effect of ACh & direct choline
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1) Effect of Ach on heart - decrease pacemaker rate by increasing potassium and decreasing sodium, calcium level, so finally decrease heart rate.

Effect of direct chollinergic drug on heart - work agonist with ach, decrease heart rate.

2) Effect of ach on eye - activate papillary sphincter muscle of iris, decrease pupil diameter which facilitate flow of aqueous humor and lower intra occular pressure.

Effect of direct chollinergic drug on eye - open narrow angle of eyes., increase muscle strength in myasthenia gravis patient and reduce intra occular pressure in glaucoma.

3) Effect of ach on bronchial smooth muscle -- contract smooth muscle to control tone and regulate patency of conducting airways.

Effect of direct chollinergic drug on bronchial smooth muscle -- relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle.

4) Effect of ach on urinary bladder - smooth muscle contraction of bladder which leads to urination.

Effect of direct chollinergic drug on urinary bladder -- stimulate cholinegic receptor in smooth muscle of bladder which in turn causes urinary retention.

5) Effect of ach on glands-- ach receptor inhibit enzyme acetycholinesterase which leads to accumulation of ach in glands.

Effect of direct chollinergic drug on glands -- causes secretion of glands like salivary secretion, tear etc

6) Effect of ach on autonomic ganglia -- has excitatory action.

Effect of direct chollinergic drug on autonomic ganglia -- control ANS

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