Question

Chapter 13: Percutaneous Routes Describe 1. Topical Medications 2. Buccal and sublingual Medications 3. Ophthalmic medications 4. Otic Medications Nasal medications 6. Vaginal Medications 7. Inhaled medications Chapter 14: Parenteral Routes Describe: 1. Advantages of parenteral administration 2. Disadvantage of parenteral administration 3. Special precautions with parenteral medications 4. Equipment selection for injectable medications 5. Contained for injectable medications 6. Routes of administration and the common indications

Answer 1

CHAPTER:13

1.Topical medication:

It is defined a medication that applied to a particular place on or in the body .Topical administration means application body surface such as skin,mucous membrane.

Eg: creams, foams, gels, lotion, ointment, such as lidocaine ointment.

2.Buccal and sublingual medication :

In sublingual administration placing a drug under the tounge and to dissolve and absorbed into blood through the tissue.

Eg: Nitroglycerin

In buccal administration placing a drug between gums and cheek and it also dissolve and absorbed into blood.

Eg: Metronidazole ,Acyclovir

3.Ophthalmic medication :

Ophthalmic is a anti infective medication including eye drops, gels and ointment. Anti infective drug that can either kill an infection agent or inhibit it for spreading.

Eg: ketorolac tromethamine

4.Otic medication :

Otic medications is used to relieve ear pain and swelling caused by middle ear infection. It used along with antibiotics.

Eg: Antipyrine and Benzocaine.

5 . Nasal medication :

Nasal medication help to reduce the swelling in nasal passage and ease the stuffiness and sinus pressure.

Eg: Nasal spray (naphazoline )

6 . vagainal medication:

It is used to treat vaginal fungal infection in adults and children 12 yrs of age and older also.

Eg: clotrimazole

7.Inhaled medication :

It breathe directly into the lungs. It is used to treat chronic lung disease .

Eg: Meterd dose inhalers , Nebulizer (budesonide)

CHAPTER:14

1.Advantage of parenteral administration :

• Absorbed more rapidly and completely than oral medication.
• Bioavailability 100%.
• If patient is unconscious the parenteral route only the avaliable route.

2 . disadvantage of parental administration :

• Skill is required.
• It is painful.
• Less safe.

3.Special precautions during parenteral administration :

• Parenteral products free from microbial contamination.
• Aseptic techniques is maintained .
• Non touch techniques should be used.
• Air disturbance maintain .

4.Equipment selection for injectable medication :

• solute and solvent (if powder form).
• Syringe (depending upon amount i.e.2, 5, 10 ml)
• Needle (IM/ID/subcut)

5 . contained for injectable medication :

• Ampule .
• Vial

#It measured by mg/ml.

6.Route of administration :

• Intravenous
• Intramuscular
• Intra dermal
• Subcutaneous

Common indication :

• Used for drugs that are poorly absorbed.
• IV route immediate onset of action.
• IM/subcutaneous achieve slow or delayed onset of action.