Question

AS AM Sun Feb 23 . 16. Describe opioid drug-related factors that contribute to the development of physical and psychologic dependence. What are some side effects of opioids? What side effects will the patient develop a tolerance to after long term use? Identify drug- and administration-related factors that affect the severity of physical dependence and the severity and duration of withdrawal signs and symptoms when administration of that drug is stopped suddenly 17. Describe the uses, benefits, and limitations of nitrous oxide in general anesthesia 18. Explain the basic differences, in terms of sites and mechanisms of action, among centrally acting muscle relaxants, baclofen, diazepam, and dantrolene. State how these different mechanisms and site of action relate to the drugs' clinical uses. 19. Mr. Urlacher has been diagnosed as having MS. As part of his treatment, he is given baclofen (Lioresal) for muscle spasticity. He is your assigned patient fir the morning. Your clinical instructor has informed you that Mr. Urlacher has many questions about the use of baclofen for the treatment of spasticity. How will you best answer the following questions? "How does baclofen work?" "What are the side effects of this drug?" "What precautions will I need to be aware of with this drug?" "If I stop taking it, what can happen?" 20. Discuss at least 4 medications that are commonly prescribed to patients who have muscle spasticity (example, for MS patients). Name 4 specific medications and discuss the following of each: How do they work? What are the contraindications of the medications? What are the side effects?

Answer 1

Opioids are narcotics used to treat chronic pain, post operative pain, pain secondary to cancer, accidents. Opioids get adhere to the brain nerve cells ,spinal cord and intestine and helps in blocking pain signals that has been sent from the body towards the brain and spinal cord. The major risk related to opioid drug is addiction. Opioids creates a dependency and make the person to believe that this drug is necessary for the survival. Opioid addiction creates physical,social and economic problems. Many patients become compulsive in taking opioids thou it is no longer needed or medically prescribed.

Opioids bind to the receptors that causes chemical changes that is experienced by the patient a sense of pleasure. The common signs of opioid addiction includes lack of interests in daily activities, anorexia or bulimia, social withdrawal the person starts spending more time alone and avoid family and friends, nervousness, violent behavior, neglecting personal hygiene like not brushing,taking bath.

The common side effects of opioid drugs are constipation, drowsiness, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, pruritus, dryness of mouth,arrhythmias, respiratory depression. Tolerance refers to the diminished response to the person towards the drug effects. It can be categorized into acute or short term tolerance, chronic, learned tolerance.

Opioid withdrawal symptoms is a life threatening condition that occurs as a result of dependence. The withdrawal is categorized by increased tears, running nose, persistent dilation of pupils, diarrhea, nausea,vomiting.

Nitrous oxide is a gas commonly used as a inhalation anesthesia. It is a odorless, colorless non irritant gas and non inflammable gas. It acts by rapid intake through the lungs and it won't combine with hemoglobin and it doesn't under go any biotransformation process. Nitrous oxide is used as general anesthesia in major surgeries,pain management. The adverse effects includes post operative nausea and vomiting as a result of bowel dissension.