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Question 4 (2 points) Saved The study Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2016. This study compared the efficacy of two treatments for cardiovascular malfunction. Over 1,000 low-risk patients were randomly assigned to a standard treatment: a type of invasive heart surgery. Another 1,000 low-risk patients were randomly assigned to a nonstandard treatment: the use of a less invasive non-surgical catheter. Researchers compared the two treatment groups, and concluded that the less invasive catheter was (for the most part) not inferior to heart surgery in the treatment of cardiovascular malfunction, What type of study was this? A) Randomized controlled experiment B) Retrospective study C) Observational study D) Prospective study E) All of the answers are correctQuestion 5 (2 points) What is the reason for your answer in Question 4? A) Because two comparison groups, a treatment and control group, are formed using randomized sample selection. B) Because the subjects are also simply observed and sample selection is nonrandom The response we focus on has already occurred for some individuals and now we will look back in time to identify some characteristic that may have had an influence or effect on this outcome C) D) This study begins before the individuals have developed the response of interest and look forward in time O E) None of the answers are correct.Question 9(2 points) A randomized controlled experiment was conducted to test a new drug. A placebo pill was used for the control group and the new drug was used for the treatment group. At the end of the study, the researcher found out that both treatment and control groups show some beneficial effects and the difference between treatment and the control is not big enough to say the new drug is better than the placebo. This is due to, A) Simpsons paradox B) Placebo effect C) Regression effect D) Measurement error E) Statistical errorA study published in a 2003 volume of the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases was conducted between 1995-1997 across many hospitals. The study investigated a dangerous fungal blood infection called candidemia that had developed in regular patients at these hospitals. It was observed that about 1,600 adults and children who developed the infection over the two years were given one of two antifungal treatments, a combination of both antifungal treatments, or none of these. Investigators looked forward in time and made a comparison between the rates of mortality three months after treatment to see 1) whether adults or children had significantly higher mortality rates, and 2) whether any specific antifungal drug was better than the others. It was found that adults had a significantly higher mortality rate than children three months after treatment. It was also found that adults appeared to better respond to one of the antifungal treatments than any of the others. What type of study was this? A) Randomized controlled experiment B) Retrospective study C) Double-blinded study DProspective study

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ouestion ④a- CPton (E) All of the anst ec are curt question⑤2- optien目Noneof the answers are Correct QuestionD:-option( placebo effect Quesben option PYospective stud

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