Question

Murmur (p. 504-507)

 Characteristics of sound: pitch, intensity (loudness: grades 1 to 6), duration

(short or long), timing (systolic or diastolic)

 Aortic stenosis: calcification of aortic valve restricts forward flow of blood

during _____, loud and harsh sound best heard at 2nd right ICS/sternal

border

 Mitral regurgitation: stream of blood regurgitates back into left atrium

during ________ through the incompetent mitral valve, loud, blowing sound

best heard at apex

 Mitral stenosis: Impedes forward flow of blood in to LV during ________, low-

pitched, best heard at ________

 Pericardial friction rub

 High-pitched and scratchy, like sandpaper being rubbed, best heard

when client is sitting up and leaning forward and the breath held in

expiration

 E.g., Inflammation of pericardium (pericarditis

fill in missing blanks

Answer 1

1) Aortic stenosis is an condition affecting aortic valves, it is characterized by narrowing of aortic valves restricts blood flow during systole. Aortic stenosis commonly caused by calcium deposits in valves, rheumatic fever, congenital heart diseases.

2) Mitral valve is located between left atrium and left ventricle. It is also termed as left atrioventricular valves, Bicuspid valve. It helps to prevent backflow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium. Mitral regurgitation occurs when Mitral valves are calcified due to calcium deposits, rheumatic heart disease, endocarditis. In Mitral regurgitation blood regurgitates during systolic phase resulting in hearing of pansystolic murmur at apex of the heart.

3) Mitral stenosis is refers as narrowing of mitral valve. Mitral regurgitation occurs due to calcification or inflammatory changes in Mitral valve. The forward flow of blood into left ventricle occurs during diastole.

4) pericardial friction rub results from pericarditis ,an inflammation of pericardium covering layer of heart. Pericardial cavity contains 50 ml of normal pericardial fluid.