Question

Characterize the common diseases and disorders of the following systems and their treatment modalities: a. cardiovascular system, b. musculoskeletal, c. in digestive, e. respiratory, f urinary, g. male and female reproductive. H. endocrine, i nervous, j. sensory, k. immune. (cognitive egumentary, d disorders of importance in fluids, electrolytes, and acid-based balance and their treatment. (cognitive Recognize the diagnosis and treatment of hypersensitivity responses.(cognitive) Examine the etiology of cancer. (cognitive) Compare and contrast benign and malignant tumors. (cognitive) .

Answer 1

2. Disorders of importance in fluids , electrolyte and aci - base balance include :-

- metabolic acidosis

- metabolic alkalosis

- respiratory acidosis

- respiratory alkalosis

- hyponatremia

- hypernatremia

- hypokalemia

- hypocalcemia

- hypomagnesemia etc

3. Diagnosis and treatment of hypersensitivity responses :-

Hypersensitivity Reactions

-undesirable, exaggerated immune responses that are induced in pre-sensitized individuals

-route of administration is important in determining whether an adverse immune response will occur and in determining the nature of the response

# Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions

-Immediate Hypersensitivity

-Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

-Antigen Antibody Complex Hypersensitivity

-Delayed Type Hypersensitivity

# Diagnosis of Immediate Hypersensitivity

-skin tests using different allergies

-circulating IgE levels

-pulmonary function tests

# Treatment for Allergies

-anti-histamine,

- corticosteroids,

- NSAIDs,

- epinephrine

- Resuscitation in case of life threatening condition

-desensitization treatments

4. Etiology of cancer :-

1. Environmental (exogenous) damage:

-chemical agents

-physical agents

-biological agents

2. Endogenous damage

Inherited mutations:

-Oncogenes and tumor suppressors

-DNA damage response genes

-Genes involved in detoxification of carcinogens

5. Difference between benign and malignant tumor are :-

Benign tumors are small , slow growing , non -invasive , well differentiated , and stay localised (no metastasis )

Malignant tumor are large ,fast growing , invasive , poorly differentiated and metastasize ( invade , infiltrate and destroy surrounding tissue )