Question

1. Compare the six processes of cellular adaptation and provide a clinical example of each one.

2. Discuss the water and fluid movements between plasma and interstitial fluid, including the topics of capillary hydrostatic pressure, capillary oncotic pressure, interstitial hydrostatic pressure, interstitial oncotic pressure, net filtration and Starling force.

Answer 1

1 Cellular adaptations - they are Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy • Atrophy metaplasia Dysplasia Hyper plasia :- Increase in number of cells in an organ or tissue, which may then have increased volume eg. Physiological hyperplasia of female breast epithelium at puberty or pregnancy Pathological endomersial bezpex plasia Hypertrophyr An inexease in the size of cells, a with such change, an in exease in the size of organ. eg. Physiological physiologic growth of utensa during pregnancy. Pathological Hypertrophy of heart. Atoophy Acamised loss of singe due to reduction of cell size or number of parenchyma cells in an orgern. egi Physiological alsophy of gonads after menopause Pathological ischaenic absophy. Mela plasiar It is a reversible change in which one adult can type is replaced by another adult cell type. egi columnar metaplasias intestinal metaplasta in healed chronic gastic ulcer & Barrett esophagus.se Dysplasiar disordered cellular development egi in ateine cervix a respiratory fact

capillary son Plasma colloid (TO) osmetic premme Pressure (Pc) Intershtal Phuid pressure (Pif) Intestinal fluid colloid osmoke pressure (Tif) The above 4 are the primary forces that determine whether thuid will move out of blood into interstinal fluid or in the opposite direction. These forces are called Starling forces". tends to (as the capillary pressure (Pc), which force d fluid out world out would capillary through the through the membrane (b) the intestinal thrid pressure (Pif), which tends to force thuid Inward through the when it is capillary membrane positive but ontwoord when pit is negative (c) the capillary plasma colloid osmohe pressure (Tp), which tends to cause osmosts of a fland inward through the capillary membrane (a) the Inteashhal ferid colloid omotic Pressure (Tif), which tends to canse osmosis of fluid outward through the capillary membrane. If the sum of these forces - the net filtration pressure [NFP) - is is posinve, there will be a net thrid filtration across the capilla If the sum of the starting force is negano there will be a net fluid absorption from

the interstitial spaces NFP is callerlated as into the follows: capillaries. The INFP = Pc - Pif- Tp - Tif