Question

BIOL 4111 Blood Typing and Hematocrit Spring 2020 1. (0.5 pts) Fill out the following chart to indicate which donor and recipient would be a blood match in the event of a needed transfusion. Use a "/" to indicate this is an ok match and a "X" to indicate this match would not be ideal. Recipient AB Donor AB 2. (0.5 pts) List all the possible genotypes for each of the 4 blood types: Type : Type B: Type A: Type AB: 3. (0.5 pts) What is agglutination, and how is agglutination different from clotting?

Answer 1

	Recipient
Donor	AB	A	B	O
AB	ü	X	X	X
A	ü	ü	X	X
B	ü	X	ü	X
O	ü	ü	ü	ü

2. A blood test is used to determine whether the A and/or B characteristics are present in a blood sample. It is not possible to determine the exact genotype from a blood test result of either type A or type B.

If someone has blood type A, they must have at least one copy of the A allele, but they could have two copies. Their genotype is either AA or AO. Similarly, someone who is blood type B could have a genotype of either BB or BO.

Blood type          Possible genotypes

A                            AA / AO

B                            BB / BO

A blood test of either type AB or type O is more informative. Someone with blood type AB must have both the A and B alleles. The genotype must be AB. Someone with blood type O has neither the A nor the B allele. The genotype must be OO.

Blood type          Possible genotypes

AB                      AB

O                         OO

3. If the blood cells clump (agglutinate), the antibody has bound to the appropriate antigen on the cells. Your blood type matches whatever antibody caused agglutination: e.g. if your blood agglutinates in anti-B, you have the B antigen and are Type B. Blood types are indicated by both the ABO and Rh antigens present.

Agglutination is basically the clumping of alike particles (blood cells or bacteria) under the influence of certain antibodies. Since the question is regarding the difference between agglutination and clotting, it is related to hematology. Clotting is also called as coagulation of blood in response to internal or external bleeding.

Agglutination

In the presence of antigens, the corresponding antibodies bind multiple particles creating a complex of blood cells. This aids in and increases the effectiveness of phagocytosis. Agglutination involving red blood cells is called as hemagglutination and that involving white blood cells is called leukoagglutination.

Coagulation/ Clotting

It involves the formation of a fibrin meshwork by the blood platelets at the point of bleeding, in the presence of coagulation factors. It is basically the process of reparation of a wound and cessation of blood loss.

A person with type A blood receiving a transfusion of type B or AB blood would have an ABO incompatibility reaction. In an ABO incompatibility reaction, your immune system attacks the new blood cells and destroys them. ... If you have type O blood, which has no antigens, you're a universal donor

ABO incompatibility reaction, you’ll have symptoms within a few minutes of receiving a transfusion. These may include:

a strong feeling that something bad is about to happen

fever and chills

breathing difficulties

muscle aches

nausea

chest, abdominal, or back pain

blood in your urine

jaundice

5. Rh antibodies are harmless until the mother's second or later pregnancies. If she is ever carrying another Rh-positive child, her Rh antibodies will recognize the Rh proteins on the surface of the baby's blood cells as foreign. Her antibodies will pass into the baby's bloodstream and attack those cells.

This can make the baby's red blood cells swell and rupture. This is known as hemolytic or Rh disease of the newborn. It can make a baby's blood count get very low.

6. A yellow coloring of amniotic fluid. This color may be because of bilirubin. This is a substance that forms as blood cells break down.

Your baby may have a big liver, spleen, or heart. There may also be extra fluid in his or her stomach, lungs, or scalp. These are signs of hydrops fetalis. This condition causes severe swelling (edema).

After birth, symptoms in your baby may include:

Pale-looking skin. This is from having too few red blood cells (anemia).

Yellow coloring of your baby’s umbilical cord, skin, and the whites of his or her eyes (jaundice). Your baby may not look yellow right after birth. But jaundice can come on quickly. It often starts within 24 to 36 hours.

Your newborn may have a big liver and spleen.

A newborn with hydrops fetalis may have severe swelling of their entire body. They may also be very pale and have trouble breathing.