Answer:-
(1)-
According to the "Arrhenius concept of acid and base" , an acid is that substance which gives H+ or H3O+ ions in its aqueous solution whereas a base is that substance which gives OH- ions in its aqueous solution. Therefore Arrhenius acids are as follows:-
(i) HCl + H2O
H3O+(aq) +
Cl-(aq)
acid
(ii) H2SO4 + 2H2O
2H3O+(aq) +
SO4--(aq)
acid
(i) HNO3 + H2O
H3O+(aq) +
NO3-(aq)
acid
So Arrhenius bases are as follows:-
(i) NaOH + H2O
Na+(aq) +
OH-(aq)
base
(ii) Ca(OH)2 + 2H2O
Ca++(aq) +
2OH-(aq)
base
(i) KOH + H2O
K+(aq) +
OH-(aq)
base
Also we know that according to the "Bronsted -Lowry concept of acid and base" an acid is that substance which has tendency to donate a proton (H+ ) to any substance whereas a base is that substance which has tendency to accept a proton (H+ ) from any substance. Therefore Bronsted -Lowry acids are as follows:-
(i) H3O+(aq)
H+(aq) +
H2O(l)
acid
(ii) H2SO4
2H+ + SO4--
acid
(i) HNO3
H+ + NO3-
acid
So Bronsted -Lowry bases are as follows:-
(i) H2O(l) +
H+
H3O+(aq)
base
(ii) NH3(l) +
H+
NH4+
base
(i) Cl- + H+
HCl
base
Therefore we can say that there is major difference between Arrhenius bases and Bronsted -Lowry bases because Arrhenius bases are those substance which produced OH- ions on their aqueous solution which shows that substance must have OH moiety in their chemical formula and this concept of base is only applicable to aqueous solution of bases whereas Bronsted -Lowry bases are those substance which have tendency to accept proton (H+) which shows that it is not limited to aqueous solution of base which must have OH moiety in their chemical formula. According to this concept water (H2O) , ammonia (NH3) and negative ions (Cl-) are bases which don't have OH moiety in their chemical formula.
(2)-
As we know that neutralization reaction is that reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form salt and water. Generally in neutralization reaction , there is reaction between H+ ion of an acid and OH- ion of the base to form neutral water (H2O). therefore acid base reactions are called as neutralization reaction because there is formation of neutral water (H2O) molecule when reaction between H+ ion of an acid and OH- ion of the base occurs. e.g.
HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O
acid base salt water
above reaction can be written as follows:-
H+ + Cl- + Na+ +
OH-
Na+ + Cl-
+ H2O(l)
Total ionic reaction of neutralization reaction
So net ionic equation can be written by ignoring spectator ions (Na+ and Cl- ) in the equation.
H+ + OH-
H2O(l)
Net ionic reaction of neutralization reaction
(3)-
As we know that pH stands for potential of Hydrogen. pH of any solution tells us the nature of solution which means that the solution is acidic , basic or neutral in nature. pH of any solution determine the concentration of H+ or H3O+ ions in the solution . pH of the solution is defined as the negative logarithm of its H+ or H3O+ ion concentration.
therefore
pH = - log[H+]
or
pH = - log[H3O+]
Also we know that The nature of an aqueous solution (acidic , basic or neutral) depends upon the concentration of H+ ions or OH- ions present in the solution. Pure water has equal concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions. If the concentration of H+ ions is greater than that of OH- ions , the solution is acidic . If the concentration of OH- ions is greater than that of H+ ions , the solution is basic.
So
pH = 7 (solution is neutral)
pH < 7 (solution is acidic )
pH > 7 (solution is basic ).
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