Question

CHAPTER 16 . Cardiac Surgery - are placed on the tips of a hemostat to pro- tect suture clamped by the hemostat. 10. Vascular clamps are designed to - partially or completely. blood flow 11. Internal mammary artery retractors nammary artery retractors expose the retrosternal artery bed by elevating the _border. 12. Femoral arterial blood pressure supplies include hypoder- mic needles, a -, stopcocks, and pressure tubing 13. True or false: A sternal saw will be necessary for some car- diac surgeries. 14. True or false: Patients with chronic severe angina may be candidates for transmyocardial revascularization. 15. True or false: Heterotopic and combined heart-lung trans- plants are performed more commonly than orthotopic transplants. 16. Define and briefly describe the following procedures: Coronary artery bypass grafts with arterial and venous conduits Mitral valve replacement Heart transplantation

Answer 1

10. Vascular clamps are designed to occlude blood flow partially or completely. They are used in performing open vascular surgeries and also in invasive coronary procedures.

13. True sternal saw can be used for some of the cardiac surgeries. Proper technique to be applied to avoid injury to myocardium and and great vessels.

14. True transmyocardial revascularization is necessary to be performed in patients with persistent angina. In this procedures a number of tiny holes are created in myocardium and thus improves myocardial oxygenation, reduces the occurrence of anaemia and also improves cardio vascular function.