Question

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15. During our paper lab experiment, we compared the tumor cells from one patient to the normal cells of the same patient. If we wanted to do a larger study to give a larger picture of what is going on in colon cancer cells which of the following would be a better way to set up the experiment? A. Collect cancer cells and normal cells from 1000 patients and run 1000 different microarrays (one for each person) and then analyze the results. B. Collect cancer cells and normal cells from 1000 patients and mix all of the cancer cells together and all of the normal cells together and run one microarray with replicates. Explain why the method you chose would be better. 16. Sometimes there is a difference in signal intensity between two different fluorescent probes. For instance, the red probe may give higher readings than the same amount of the green probe. How could you design a DNA microarray experiment to make sure that difference in expression levels you are seeing between samples is real? 17. Different sequences of DNA have different annealing temperatures. This is the optimum temperature for accurate base pairing. Sequences that have more Gs and Cs have a higher annealing temperature whereas sequences that have more As and Ts have a lower annealing temperature. How does knowing this affect the experimental design for a DNA microarray

Answer 1

Answer

15) merits of this method:

an appropriate method for each design stage of the framework for making a comparative analysis of the various commonly used methods in each category. The various stages involved in the proposed methodology include enhancement of microscopic images, segmentation of background cells, features extraction, and finally the classification.

For the detection and diagnosis of cancer from microscopic biopsy images, the histopathologists normally look at the specific features in the cells and tissue structures. The various common features used for the detection and diagnosis of cancer from the microscopic biopsy images include shape and size of cells, shape and size of cell nuclei, and distribution of the cells. The brief descriptions of these features are given as follows.

(A) Shape and Size of the Cells. It has been observed that the overall shape and size of cells in the tissues are mostly normal. The cellular structures of the cancerous cells might be either larger or shorter than normal cells. The normal cells have even shapes and functionality. Cancer cells usually do not function in a useful way and their shapes are often not even.

(B) Size and Shape of the Cell’s Nucleus. The shape and size of the nucleus of a cancer cell are often not normal. The nucleus is decentralized in the cancer cells. The image of the cell looks like an omelet, in which the central yolk is the nucleus and the surrounding white is the cytoplasm. The nuclei of cancer cells are larger than the normal cells and deviated from the midst of the mass. The nucleus of cancer cell is darker. The segmentation step mainly focuses on separation of regions of interests (cells) from background tissues as well as separation of nuclei from cytoplasm.

(C) Distribution of the Cells in Tissue. The function of each tissue depends on the distribution and arrangements of the normal cells. The numbers of healthy cells per unit area are less in the cancerous tissues. These adjectives of microscopic biopsy images have been included in shape and morphology based features, texture features, color based features, Color Gray Level Cooccurrence Matrix (GLCM), Law’s Texture Energy (LTE), Tamura’s features, and wavelet features which are more biologically interpretable and clinically significant.

Many research works have been done: so without doubt you can go ahead with this method.