Question

1. Epithelial tissue and bone marrow are cell types that are more likely to be damaged by exposure to radiation than orcell types. 2 Increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries of the kidney results inglomerular filtration rate 3. Vision in the elderly may be impaired when the eyeball becomes less elastic, thus preventing accommodation and resulting in the condition called 4 With carcinoma of the breast tumor cells may demonstrate in molecular targeting and imaging for tumors. receptors on the membrane which may be useful 5. A limiting factor in the treatment of cancer patients with chemotherapy is dangerously low blood counts. and can result in

Answer 1

1. Epithelial tissue and bone marrow are cell types that are more likely to be damaged by exposure to radiation than nerve cells and muscle cell types.

This is because radiation effects different cell types differently. The radiation causes ionisation of atoms, molecules like water molecules which in turn effect the cells by damaging its DNA. The causes altered daughter cells different from parent cells. The cell receive maximum damage from the radiation during active phase of cell division. The bone marrow cells and epithelial tissues are very rich in blood, oxygen supply and are rapidly dividing cells with high activity making them more susceptible to damage by radiation. The nerve cells and muscle cells are not as rich in blood supply, oxygen supply and also division of cells occur very slowly when you compare with epithelial tissue and bone marrow. This reduces their chances of getting damaged by radiation.

2. Increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular apparatus of kidney result in increased glomerular filtration rate.

The hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular apparatus is the blood pressure in the capillaries in the glomerular apparatus. It is the pressure the fluid exerts on the capillary walls. This is opposed by hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule. Glomerular filtration rate is the rate at which blood in the glomerular apparatus is filtered into Bowman’s capsule per unit time taken. It is directly proportional to the difference in the hydrostatic pressures of glomerular apparatus and Bowman’s capsule. When the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular apparatus increases, the difference in hydrostatic pressures increases.This favours more filtration and increase the glomerular filtration rate.

3.Vision in the elderly man maybe impaired when the eyeball becomes less elastic, thus preventing accommodation and resulting in a condition called presbyopia.

In the elderly people, changes occurs in the composition of the components or eye ball with age. This causes reduction in the elasticity or the eyeball and lens. The rigid lens won’t be able to alter its shape to focus near objects. This forces the patient to increase the distance between eye and the object to help focus it clearly. The distance increase with age and the distance is known as near point of accommodation. This condition is known as presbyopia. It is treated using spectacles, lenses and surgery.

4. With the carcinoma of the breast tumour cells may demonstrate oestrogen  receptors on the membrane which may be useful in molecular targeting and imaging of tumours.

The oestrogen hormone is useful in growth of the m tumour in breast cancer. It’s receptors are present on the membrane of most of the cases of breast cancer. It’s identification on the membranes of cancer cells is useful in quantitatively imaging of the tumour and in planning treatment. If the cells are positive for receptors then they respond to hormonal therapy and they won’t respond if the cells the negative for the receptors.

5 A limiting factor in the treatment of cancer patients with chemotherapy is cytotoxicity and can result in dangerously low blood counts.

Chemotherapy works mainly by destroying the cells that are highly active and rapidly dividing. As the bone marrow contains very rapidly dividing cells, the chemotherapy causes high reduction in this activity also. This is one of the side effects of chemotherapy. As the bone marrow is the site for major blood cells formation, it’s suppression results in very low blood counts.

This is a brief discussion on this topic. Hope this helps you out. Please feel free to give your feedback and if you need further detailed explanation. Thank you and have a great day.