Question

What is intracranial pressure? What could cause it

What tests would be useful in diagnosing multiple sclerosis?

What risk factors are associated with cerebral vascular accidents?

Why would it be difficult to diagnose Alzheimers in the early stage? Could there be a familial factor?

What is meningitis? What are the signs and symptoms?

What are some signs and symptoms of a brain tumor?

Can a benign brain tumor be pathologic? Why or why not?

Answer 1

●INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE

It is the pressure inside the skull (brain tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid) The normal range is 7 _15mmHg when the patient is lying down.An raise in it is termed to be increased intracranial pressure

Cause:

• Tumour, heamtoma,abscess ,head injury,craniosyntesis,meningitis,venous sinus thrombosis hydrocephalus,aneurysm, stroke,infection, hypertension ,seizure,hypoxemia

●MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

It refers to a central nervous disorder where there is damage of the outer part of the nerve cells which covers it in the bar in and spinalcord. There is no complete cure.

It is diagnosed by

• Mc Donalds criteria
• MRI revealing demylenation
• Lumbar puncture to assess inflammation
• CSF:Presence of oligoclonal bands of IgG
• Blood test :positive neural antibody

●RISK FACTORS FOR CVA

• Inflammation due to insult
• Bleeding
• High risk of infection
• Stroke
• Loss of limb functions

●The main reason for difficulty in diagnosis of Alzheimer's in early stage is due to failure to report all signs and symptoms .The symptoms are often confused with normal ageing process like decreased memory.The factors like memory loss,difficulty solving problems,forgetting family members ,important dates and time

●MENINGITIS

It is the inflammation of the layers present in the brain

Signs and symptoms

• Sudden onset of Fever
• Nausea and Vomiting,anorexia
• Headache, pain in limbs
• Stiff neck
• Skin rash

●The signs and symptoms of brain tumour are

• Numbness in limbs
• Headache, Seizure,Memory impairment ,confusion
• Nausea and vomiting
• Feeling depressed
• Sensory problems
• Loss of balance
• Abnormal gait

The bening tumour are non cancerous and are generally as a result of other neurological disorder which causes growth of tumour (dermis cyst,epidermoid cyst though has no actual sign of cancer the growth overtime can result in tumour symptoms due to pressure on yhe brain.Hence these tumours are pathologic in nature.