Question

Questions: 1. Define TBI. 2. Explain the epidemiology of TBL 3. Identify the risk factors and causes of TBI. 4. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of TBI. 5. Distinguish the types of injury in TBI. 6. Discuss the classification and continuum of severity of TBI. 7. Prioritize the types of altered level of consciousness and identify assessment tools. 8. Relate early onset and ongoing complications of TBI. 9. Identify the members of the TBi rehabilitation team and their roles. 10. Discuss the different levels of rehabilitation 11. What is "invisible injury? What kind of Problems can this cause? 12. Who are the members of the TBI rehabilitation team? Describe a patient scenario and team member duties. 13.Sports related TBs are notoriously underreported and underdiagnosed. Why is this? Why is it important to encourage better reporting? How can health care professionals encourage better reporting?

Answer 1

Ans) 1) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a nondegenerative, noncongenital insult to the brain from an external mechanical force, possibly leading to permanent or temporary impairment of cognitive, physical, and psychosocial functions, with an associated diminished or altered state of consciousness.

2) That incidence of mild TBI is about 131 cases per 100,000 people, the incidence of moderate TBI is about 15 cases per 100,000 people, and the incidence of severe TBI is approximately 14 cases per 100,000 people.

3) The people most at risk of traumatic brain injury include: Children, especially newborns to 4-year-olds. Young adults, especially those between ages 15 and 24. Adults age 60 and older.

- Causes include falls, sports injuries, gunshot wounds, physical aggression, and road traffic accidents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define a TBI as "a disruption in the normal function of the brain that can be caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or penetrating head injury.
- Alcohol or drugs – which can poison the brain. disease – such as AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease. lack of oxygen – called anoxic brain injury (for example, injury caused by a near drowning).

4) The principal mechanisms of TBI are classified as (a) focal brain damage due to contact injury types resulting in contusion, laceration, and intracranial haemorrhage or (b) diffuse brain damage due to acceleration/deceleration injury types resulting in diffuse axonal injury or brain swelling.2,40,46,49 Outcome from head injury is determined by two substantially different mechanisms/stages:

(a) the primary insult (primary damage, mechanical damage) occurring at the moment of impact. In treatment terms, this type of injury is exclusively sensitive to preventive but not therapeutic measures.

(b) The secondary insult (secondary damage, delayed non-mechanical damage) represents consecutive pathological processes initiated at the moment of injury with delayed clinical presentation. Cerebral ischaemia and intracranial hypertension refer to secondary insults and, in treatment terms, these types of injury are sensitive to therapeutic interventions.