Question

Discussion Prompts: 1. What are the different forms of disability? And what are the distinguishing features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? (minimum 10 sentences). 2. How do heredity and environment influence intelligence? And how and why do test scores vary for different racial and ethnic groups? (minimum 10 sentences). 3. What are motor skills and how do they develop during the elementary school years? (minimum 7 sentences).

Answer 1

Answer of question (1)

Disability is a condition in which any kind of significant impairment takes place and this hinders their normal functioning. The impairments generally includes physical, social, mental, emotional, cognitive, intellectual, sexual etc.

some major categories of disabilities are:

Physical disabilities

Behavioral difficulties

Learning difficulties

Speech and language difficulties

Emotional and social difficulties

Intellectual difficulties

Sensory impairment

Cognitive difficulties etc..

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impairing levels of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Inattention and disorganization entail inability to stay on task, seeming not to listen, and losing materials, at levels that are inconsistent with age or developmental level. Hyperactivity-impulsivity entails overactivity, fidgeting, inability to stay seated, intruding into other people's activities, and inability to wait—symptoms that are excessive for age or developmental level. ADHD often persists into adulthood, with resultant impairments of social, academic and occupational functioning.

Based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5):

Inattention and hyperactivity are two major criteria along with these issues were present prior to age of 12 years, several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are present in two or more settings
(e.g...., at home, school, or work; with friends or relatives; in other activities) and these interfere with, or reduce the quality of, social, academic, or occupational functioning.

the children with ADHD are not who are mentally or intellectually disabled. they are the one with Behavioral difficulties. some major symptoms of their hyperactivity and inattention includes:

poking nearby classmates during class hours

talkative

forgetfulness

problem paying attention

short attention span

fidgeting

restless behavior etc..

due to their lack of attention, these children are identified with learning issues. some developers reverse letters, learning disabilities etc..

Answer of question (2)

Intelligence is a key concept in a humans life. it is an individuals capacity for all kinds of higher order functioning.

in earlier times, there wasn't much studies that connected the importance of intelligence with genetic and environmental factors. but there are several recent studies that prove their strong influence in molding a persons level of intelligence. genetic and environment can be meant in terms of nurture Vs nature.

through research findings it is clear that both influences ones intelligence in its own way, because in the absence of one of it may hinder its fruitful functioning.

that is, if a child have good level of IQ, but the child is brought up in a place where no proper education, nutrition for growth or proper guidance is given. in such cases the quality of IQ is determined by not only his/her innate IQ quality but also how his environment guided the child.

twin studies based on their genetic factor influence on IQ has shown about 80% influence.

the predisposition factor always determines an individuals character, but along with it nature also molds an individual to its complete form. its a pure balanced interaction between two of the elements.

Intelligence rate of a person in noted in terms of IQ i.e..., Intelligence quotient; which is the mental age of the child by the child chronological age multiplied by 100. and there are levels in intelligence which are measured under the norms : below 70: Intellectually disabled, below 80: borderline, below 90: below average, below 100: average, above 100: above average. above 120: superior, above 140: very superior.

based on the IQ test scores the range at which a person comes under determines his/her level of intelligence. through various studies it has been proved that based on a persons ethnicity and race these varies. as already meant, in above question this may be because of the dominant influence of environmental factors. so it all depends on the balanced interaction between genetic factors as well as environmental factors.

Answer of question (3)

motor skills are the basic physical actions an engage into which developers a schema that an action will lead to some result. in children or even in new born babies it is observable that, the motor skills are something they acquire in a natural way. thus we can see the influence of genetic traits in it. as children grows they gets into two types of motor skills, they are: fine motor skills and gross motor skills. fine motor are more smoother motor skills which includes: touching objects, moving objects, transferring objects from hand to hand etc.. and gross motor skills includes: lifting head, holding things, sitting up etc...

during elementary schooling period children get into massive rate of motor development. even this stage can b be meant as the stage through which we determine even how the child will be in his/her future needs.

during the age of 0 to 2 : from fine motors gradual development to gross motor skills. the child learns to lift up head, rolls over, sits up, begin to walk using help, walk without help, learn to walk up steps, kicking things with legs etc...

from 3 to 4: child will be in more dominant gross motor development, selects their interesting sports, gets into strong physical activities in play, even they develops strong fine motor skills by having good eye-hand coordination skill.

after 5 years: more development of gross motor activities.

thus all over it can be meant that, the rate of development in all children based on their age is usually in the same pattern. if any developmental issues takes places there is high chance that the child may face some kind of disability.