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in FCC material, place highest to lowest energy: (111) surface, Vacancy, Dislocation, high angle grain boundary,...

in FCC material, place highest to lowest energy: (111) surface, Vacancy, Dislocation, high angle grain boundary, (100) surface, twin boundary.

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Highest to lowest energy ::

Vacancy > high angle grain boundary > dislocation > twin boundary > surface (100) >  surface (111)

Vacancies play an extremely important role in diffusion processes, hence are at highere energy state.

The atoms in twin boundary are in undistorted positions and thus energy is low comparatively to grain boundary. and dislocations, while grain boundary is at higher energy states.

Based on the facet energy, minimum surface energy requirement predicts that the seed particle of FCC metals should adopt a tetrahedral or an octahedral shape enclosed by (1 1 1) facets. and for (100) surface the energy is relatively more.

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