Question

Misrepresentig the truth regarding an individual or organization can be interpreted as defamatory, or harming the reputation of the person or firm, possibly having a negative impact on their future earnings. In written form, it is called _____.

		libel
		slander
		vilification
		aspersion

Which of the following statements is true regarding collectivist cultures?

		The United States is a highly collectivist culture.
		People perceive their world primarily from their own viewpoint.
		They focus on the needs of the nation, community, family, or group of workers.
		Individuals believe they are capable of making an impact on their own lives.

This fallacy tries to establish a cause-and effect relationship where only a correlation exists.

		Post hoc ergo propter hoc
		Circular argument
		Non sequitur
		Begging the question

Answer 1

libel

Libel can be defined as an untrue defamatory statement that is made in writing. Libelous acts only occur when the statement is in written form.

Slander on the other hand is a defamatory statement made in the form of a speech or oral statement. Vilification can be either in oral or written form.

They focus on the needs of the nation, community, family, or group of workers

A collectivist culture represents a culture where people live in unity and tend to support each other. They value the needs of the group and tend to live together in harmony or cohesion. This culture is completely opposite to an individualistic culture like U.S.A. where people tend to prioritize their own success and well-being rather than working as a group.

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

This fallacy states that “Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X”. It is a particularly tempting error since the correlation appears to suggest a cause and effect relationship. The fallacy lies in a conclusion based entirely on the order in which the events take place, rather than accounting for other factors that might be responsible for the result that might rule out the connection.