Question

Question No. 1: Answer the following questions? (5+5) [CLO1) (a) Discuss the resultant errors in calculations which are involved with stated accuracies when the quantities are (i) added (ii) subtracted (ii) Multiplied (iv)Divided. (b) Discuss at least three Galvanometer applications in detail (ii) How a galvanometer can be protected from excessive currents Question No 7. Answer the following questions? 18421 Irini

Answer 1

Resultant error is summalton measurement 0 ) of of relative erros in terms. Some peculiar types of emers are eliscussed below whew the quantites are added. subtracted, multiplied and dircled Random evrons are due to imprecision of measurements and can lead to a readir above or below the "true" ding value. of Examples: — Poor Technique , different reaction times etc. There can be reduced by the wc more precise meau asuring equipment on through repeat measuremen Systematic errors arise from a probleme in the experimental set-up that results in the measured values always deviating from the "true" value in the same direction - always higher These errors mis-calibrations or or lower are caused by poor insulation CS Scanned with CamScanner

what about when we have to use the measurements Error to calculate the other dimensions? For example, a box measure: Absolute Uncertainty % Uncertainity 2m 1 0.5m 25% .30% hength Width 3m I 0.5m 17%. 2017 4mt 0.5m ") Or Height 12:54 9 10% what is the uncertainty if wa calculate the Area of the box? Volume of the boxl. Perimeter of the box? when adding and subtracting of the calculations involve. subtra adding amounts witte uncertainties ; add the absolute unuztaintice. From the above example, a box measures, am 10.5 m X 3m to.5m. The perimeter will be. cs Ca-484243.605+0.5 40.5+0.5)m= 10mI 29 tracting

1) whene multiplying and dividing: when two or more measurements are multiplied or divided, the percent uncertainties of each measurement are -added. The mona way uncesca is: tainty AV ALL 4v - one + boşu boş scientifically cornect of fincling the Aw X100 + + SH H w X100 Δν = 54.77% 50% enors and ov their for measuring This ensures fewer rounding much greater accuracy .). Galvanometer The galvanometer is the device wed for detecting the presence of small current and voltuge magnitude. The galvanometer has following applocations. They are: 1. It is used for detecting the direction of current flows in the cano circuit. It also determines the null point of the circuit. The null point means the situations in which no currents flows through cshocar circuitith CamScanner

two points of the circuit 3) It is used for measuring the current . 3) The voltage between ang determined through galvanometer. •) Protection from high current current /voltage is provided using adjustable shent resistor is also 0 ) by (5 R km Adjustable shunt resistance. shunt us alow resistance Connected in parallel witte galvanon meter on ammeter. Its function is to protect vanometer and ammeter from strong currents. CS Scanned with CamScanner the galvan