Question

Question 14

Item 14

(1) Language experts have long observed that children are better at mastering a second language than adults. (2) People who learn another language as kids can sound like native speakers, but adult language learners often make noticeable grammatical mistakes. (3) But when exactly in a person’s life does it become difficult to master the rules that govern a language? (4) While previous theories speculated that people can only acquire a new language at a young age, new research shows that this is completely wrong.

(5) Boston-area researchers found evidence that the time span for language acquisition lasts from infancy until early adulthood; this time span is known as the “critical period.” (6) Such a period also exists for the development of eyesight. (7) Prior studies had reached varying conclusions about the critical period: it closes just after birth; it stops around age 5; it lasts until age 13. (8) Dissatisfied with these studies’ small number of participants, the Boston researchers aimed for a large sampling of language users for a study of English grammar acquisition. (9) The researchers developed an online grammar quiz with follow-up questions about the quiz takers’ language background. (10) Getting nearly 700,000 responses, two-thirds from nonnative English speakers, the research team mapped the relationship between age and language fluency in extraordinary detail.

(11) The accuracy of answers to the questions on the grammar quiz plummeted for those who began learning English after age 17. (12) Though this result indicates that the critical period for language acquisition lasts longer than previous studies suggested, the achievement of native-speaker-level fluency seems to be out of reach for adult learners.

(13) On a deeper level, though, adult second-language learners should remain optimistic. (14) The researchers found that optimal language learning doesn’t stop completely after the critical period: it continues for both native and nonnative speakers until around age 30. (15) And that’s not all there is to language. (16) Letting go of a desire for complete mastery of a language’s grammar can enable an adult learner to strive for basic competence in communication—an outcome best achieved, the researchers note, via educational programs that immerse students in the experience of a second language rather than ones that focus on rote learning.

In context, which version of sentence 6 (reproduced below) provides the most effective explanation of the “critical period” mentioned in sentence 5?

Such a period also exists for the development of eyesight.

A.(As it is now)

B.The concept pertains to the fields of developmental biology and developmental psychology.

C.There are several helpful models of what this important period actually looks like for language acquisition.

D.It was first developed by early educators such as Dr. Maria Montessori, though she referred to it as a “sensitive period.”

E.It designates the time in one’s life during which the capacity to absorb the rules and structure of a language is maximized.

Answer 1

It designates the time in one’s life during which the capacity to absorb the rules and structure of a language is maximized, provides the most effective explanation of the “critical period” mentioned in sentence 5.

Critical period in language learning refers to the ability of people in this age group to acquire and learn languages. Most of these concepts were introduced by Noam Chomsky in terms of universal grammar device or language acquisition device. It’s believed that people are capable of learning new languages during the childhood until early adulthood. Beyond this period people would either lose their interest or lose the capability to learn new languages. Affective filters such as cultures, religion, social norms would also prevent people from learning other languages.

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