Question

526 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL Describe the linings of the respiratory passages, including how they change as the pas- sages get move mucus? 3. smaller. Which areas are ciliated? In what direction do the cilia in each region Define the following: rhinitis; sinusitis; laryngitis. Describe locations and functions of the paranasal sinuses. What causes a sinus head- ache? 5. What part of the respiratory tract is shared with the alimentary canal? Distinguish between the false vocal cords and the true vocal cords. How do the vocal cords function to produce sounds? How are variations of pitch and intensity pro- duced? 7. 8. Describe the locations and functions of the glottis and epiglottis What is the function of the C-shaped cartilages in the trachea? Why are they C-shaped? How does this structure compare with that of the branches of the bronchial tree? 9. 10. What changes in structure occur in the respiratory tubes as they become smaller?

Answer 1

4. ANS: Rhinitis: It is a viral respiratory infection and commonly called as cold or coryza.

It can results in inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes. It can be spread through inhilation, droplets or direct contact

Sinusitis: It is a viral or bacterial inflammatory infection and it is caused by paranasal sinuses. It can be classified into acute, sub-acute, or chronic. In this normal drainage was blocked.

Laryngitis: It was mainly caused by use of voice, smoking and allergies. In this mucous membranes of the larynx line was inflammated. It is an edema at vocal cords.

6. ANS: The pharynx is a part of the respiratory tract is shared with the alimentary canal

19. ANS: Surface tension is one kind of water molecule attraction to attach to one another and the force was created by the attraction of water molecules. Surface tension makes difficult to inflate the alveoli and may actually cause them to collapse and this force is used in breathing to hold the moist surfaces of the pleural membranes together. It also helps to expand the lung in all directions.

20. ANS: In the lungs alveolar air spaces a lipoprotein mixture called surfactant was continually secreted and its main work is to decreases the tendency and surface tension of the alveoli to collapse when the lung volume is low.

26. ANS: Ventilation increases, body tissues become hypoxic due to lack of hemoglobin saturation.

28. ANS: Respiratory system from infancy to old age:

The number of mucus glands and blood flow in the nasal mucosa decline with age, as does ciliary action of the mucosa, and macrophage activity

As we age, the thoracic wall becomes more rigid, the lungs lose elasticity, and the amount of oxygen we can use during aerobic respiration decreases
Respiratory rate is highest in newborns, and gradually declines to adulthood; in old age, respiratory rate increases again