Question

At the beginning of the paper, Trophic downgrading of planet earth, a quotation by Daniel H. Janzen explains that “what escapes the eye…is a much more insidious kind of extinction: the extinction of ecological interactions.”

Why is this important to the concept of trophic downgrading and how does it relate to other topics we have covered such as mass extinctions and invasive species?

of sufficiant magnitade and direction push acosys Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth James A. Estes,John TerborghJustin S. Brashares Mary E.Power, Jeel B William J. Bond, Stephen R. Carpenter, Timothy E. Essingt on, Robert D.Holt Jeremy B. C ja ksen,ao Robert ]. Marquis," Lauri Oksanen, Tarja Oksanen, Robert T. Pain." Ellen K. Pikith, 13 William ]. Ripple,16 Stuart A. Sandin." Marten Scheffer" Thomas W. Schoenec.·Jonathan B. Shurin,a, Anthony R. L Sindair." Michael E. Souli,n Risto VirtanenDavid A Wardle play hyki a-enn which he lo tarts of tppng pers beween ฒsdkr with the diractionality of change (13) A third kcy a Unsi recentlylage ages consumers郦e ubigitas aos te globe nd had beetrn&ons of years The loss df these animals may be humankind's mot pervse influence on nature. Although such annd nization wds withn which evay cies potantiauly can indluence many other specias predtion, compatition, and mut eflects of their dhappearance in marine, terestrial and freshwater econsytems wodide Thi empirical work supports long andrig ory dout the role of updown foring in ecosystems but also akumbadplywodem alpoxeKsteg-the unanticpated impacts of trophic casades on processes as divene as the dynamk disease, wildire, carbon sequestration, invasive species and biogochemul cyde. ThER findigs emphasize the urgent need for i tediciplinary rmrch to forecast the dtects oftraphic dwgradng on process function, and resience in global ecosytems atR·nd narehl link peaa t ther amy ofptal sabihn tali dartin- t the stage for the idea of tsoplis downgrading vents h, daring wich lal "What escapes the eye These evats ware followed by movel a much more insidious kincd species and the stracture and function f in the carly to midde stages of a axth ben. Howevet, his event dila from those that procoded it in tw fn sixth mass extinction has bean charactaiued by gading on the stactute and dymamics of h kind's most penawe Eduace循 naual world This is tuc in part hecaasc has ocuod and land uedunge. httE im, and polutan. decadal o mllcal tme scalex. Racent toscach abundance and dis bution of apex conumas ical exchanges among Eath's soil water, and consumars, which dates hack morc than a catuy helan Sedion Exlution and Elogy and Herc, weravicw contmporary findings on the was laar fomaknd a the dymamic noton of consequences of removing large apex consuers opic cascades roady defined as the prop 124Cd Spedifically, we highlight the ecologial wand through food webs Therctical wok theoey that prodicts troghsic downgrading consider on factors that contsol cconystn state resuled why thex dfiects have bom difficult to obsrvand inasccond kay advanoc, the rongnition of aha scature since the beginning of the 21st century In convoluted esuling in distindbais of atraction wd JULY 2011 SCIENCE VOL 333 15

Answer 1

Trophic downgrading is very much related to the climatic conditions of the Earth and shows the changing nature of life and species due to the extensive use of natural resources.

It shows how day by day the disappearance of marine life, territorial and freshwater ecosystem in the world. This effects on the dynamics of the diseases, carbon sequestration, biochemical cycles and many more.

It is related to the mass extinctions and invasive species because of the slowly and gradually change in the ecosystem of the world and it affects the species on the larger terms and this may be tough for the survival of the species and they will be on the verge of extinction.

It also shows how the extinction of the larger species give a room for the development of the human kind and how in this time period there were many changes took place regarding changes on the Earth and now human being by his activities is affecting this planet and this is very cycle is known ecological interaction in the given theory by  Daniel H. Janzen.

Hence, we can say that trophic downgrading is very much related to mass extinction and more. And theory shows how there would be such a change take place in such a long period of time and now a human is affecting the climate by their activities which shows the extinction of the ecological interaction.