Question

CROSS SECTION OF A BALLPOINT PEN back spring barrel plunger clip front spring ball point refill Source The Gate Company ink tube Nib Feed Coupling Ring Sac Protector Spring Sac O-Ring Snorkel Tube Point Holder Gasket Section Touchdown Tube Blind Cap 2001 Richard F. Binder Figure 1 Sample images for breaking-down pens Note that one reasonable upper bound for your estimate, including overhead, is the wholesale price (between 50 percent and 70 percent of retail). Question 2 (3/10) DFE: In this question you are required to conduct a DFE practice on the pen investigated in Question 1. The tasks include: a) List at least 10 types of environmental impacts over the life cycle of your pen covering Materials, Production, Distribution, Use and Recovery; b) Suggest at least five ways to reduce its environmental impacts with the implementation of DFE design guidelines, and c) Conduct a Qualitative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on the pen analysed using the template table from 3M.

Answer 1

Environmental Impacts over a life cycle of pen - 3 main phases of any pooduct are it's manufacturing, use and it's disposal. 1) Manufacturing is corried out using some materials which have a huge environmental Troport 1) In the case of a peo, the roup material classification can be done Nib- Metals feed Plastic Snorrel tube - thetal/ Plastic Point holder gasket - Rubber sac Protector Metal spring - Metal sac Rubber/ Plastic O-ring- Metal Blind cap Plastic / Metal Barrel - Plastic/getal cap - Plastic / shetal Point Plaste / Metal ModaBook

the mchals treet in the pen b alorly 7 to 454) Pemaining part of inufactured fruto plaster or rubhee As metals are acted from the crust by excavation leading to depleton d resources. The rubbers have two kinds: synthetic and Natural The synthette rubbers have disposal problem, whereas natural rubbers and extracted from thes. This can affect the enviroment similarly the second major factor plastic. It has a a huge disposal issues affecting the environment. vii) The next stage of the prod life cycle is production. During production, all the rawo material is required to be machined in the desired shapes to serve their purpose.. Machines use electricity or fuel. By again depleting the environmental resources and polluting the enviroment Through the waite gases, chemicals and others. viii) The third stage of life cycle is distribution for distribution, ModaBook"

Event of the Day po og Product requires packaging. 7 pens are packed into by urin the materials such as Paper Boxes Plastic Boxer The extraction of paper from the woods has led the deforestation and loss of ecology and biodiversity The packaging can prevent the spoilage, damage, contamination and tampering to the produch but The same effects it generate in The environment. Also the transportation produces the vehicles emissions such as carton dioxide and carbon mono onide that create the green houre effect and increase the overall ambiant temperature of earth. ix) During the use phale of product life cycle, the ink is used which is either synthetically manufactured from chemicals Tor extracted from plants. Hence affects the environm ad de f) The recovery part arter the use of the pen requires saperation of all the product components, ModaBook

#Event of the Day Date hose This is tedious, hence recovery of material is not done and it gets disposed off creating more enviromental pollution hoods 6) using Guidelines of design for environment (DFE), the environmental impact can be reduced as: i) Product planning setting an agenda to reduce the impact by planning the environment friendly materials and reduction in emissions and pollutions during manufacturing and distribution- i) concept development: During concept development, generate the processes to reduce the combination of materials, eary to dismantle product. iii) System level design. In this level, consider the manufacturing processes required, aroid coated body for the pen. it in distribution, the pens can be transported in reusable cartons and can be used after again and again v) Also the product can be weighed less to reduce the transportation costi. ModaBook“ R3 1

Acquiftion stagu Makrian Impact so Enviroment Manufacturing operations Distribution Procers Packaging Product use I Recycle 1 Disposal Event of the Day -Air Water Solid wash Energy Resources Health chemical Electricas Biological Date... Impacts + Risk + Addressed. Impacts al Risk not addressed No Impacts Risk understood ModaBook ?