Question

Q2: Indicate the following with sketch if needed A. Names sequence of Canal and drainage system B. The min. velocity in the canal and drainage system C. Find the discharge in the canal with side slop 1.5:1, n=0.015, y=0.8, b=1 m the longitudinal slope-20 cm/km D. Type of lining E. sketch the construction joint in the concrete lining F. max depth of optimum Circular section G. limit of Shear Stress in bed and side slope H. purpose of the dam construction 1. Types of dams

Answer 1

A)

main drainage system: it consists of deep or shallow collector's and main drains or disposal drains.

B)

Removing impurities from sewage ie, sand up to 1mm diameter and specific gravity 2.65 and organic particles upto 5mm diemeter with specific gravity 1.2. it is necessary that a minimum velocity of about 0.45 m/sec and average velocity of 0.9 m/sec.

For canal system permissible minimum velocity can be between the range of 0.75 to 0.9 m/sec

C)

D)

Type of lining .

Earth lining.

It these two types compact earth lining and soil cement lining

Compacted Earth lining for the canal are preferred when earth is available near to the site of construction.

Soil cement lining are constructed with soil ,water,cement ,sand. mixture.it is constructed for erosional protection of canal and for strengthening large canal.

Hard surface canal lining

It is of four types

Cement concrete lining

cement concrete lining are widely used their relatively durable, highstrength and impermiable and hydraulic efficient.

Brick lining

Bricks are laid using cement mortar on the sides and a bed of canal after laying bricks smooth finish is provided on the surface of the canal using motar.

Plastic lining

Plastic film is spread on the prepared subgrade of Canal.are the advantage of using plastic is plastic is light in weight and easy to transport.

Boulder lining

This type of lining is constructed by dressed stone block laid on mortar.

E)

F)

Joint 4 4 Concrete lining of Canal

Depth of circular channel is 0.81 times diameter of the channel

G)

Maximum shear stress for bed:1.26 N/m2

Maximum shear stress for side slope:0.79 N/m2

H)

Advantages of dams are

It is store water for irrigation and domestic industry.

It prevents flood

We can produce hydroelectric power.

Dams can be used for tourism purpose

I)

Types of dams

Masonry dams.

Masonry dams are either build by stone masonry or brick masonry,eg gravity dan and arc dam

Concrete dam:it is constructed using Concrete most of the dam in the world are constructed using concrete.

Timber dam

It is constructed for temporary purpose it is mainly used to divert the water for the construction of main dam

Steel dam

Steel plates and inclined stocks are used for the construction of Steel dams. It is mainly suitable for 15 to 18m height.

,