Question

1. True or false: According to lecture and the video about the book and film “Sybil” this case, and many similar cases, may be examples of iatrogenesis.

A. True

B. False

2. Which IS TRUE about dissociative identity disorder (DID), as discussed in lecture and the NY Times video?

A. Dissociative identity disorder is likely massively underdiagnosed.

B. DID is usually caused by childhood sexual abuse

C. Symptoms of DID are in most (or possibly all) cases iatrogenic.

D. ALL of the above are true of DID.

3. Which of the following is NOT among the categories of disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia?

A. Disorganized speech

B. Inappropriate affect

C. Inappropriate transference

D. Disorganized behavior

4. True or false: An endophenotype is part what is heritable about a disorder, but they are not the disorder itself.

A. true

B. false

5. All but ONE of the following are neurodevelopmental variables that mayaffect the development of schizophrenia as discussed in lecture or in the readings:

A. Prenatal exposure to the flu

B. Prenatal exposure to lead that crosses the placental barrier

C.Prenatal exposure to the rubella virus

D. Prenatal exposure to Herpes virus

E.Prenatal exposure to T. gondii (which can be found in some cat feces)

6. The most prominent risk factor for developing schizophrenia or a psychotic-related disorder (of the options below) is _________.

A. Having an uncle who has schizophrenia.

B. Having a significant other or spouse who has schizophrenia.

C. Being a fraternal twin of someone with schizophrenia.

D. Having two parents with schizophrenia.

E. Being a monozygotic twin of someone with schizophrenia.

Answer 1

1. True.

As the video suggests that there were many women like Bartha who had similar stories of childhood sexual abuse by being a part of a satanic cult felt stressed because of the "false memories" induced by the hypnotic drugs. And to further exacerbate the problem, she took more medication to overcome it. Thus, drugs prescribed by the doctors worsened the condition, therefore, it makes a case for iatrogenesis.

2. D

Explanations

A. Since most of the symptoms of DID are dependent on self-report and are not concrete and observable, there is a degree of subjectivity in making the diagnosis. People with DID are often disinclined to seek treatment, especially since their symptoms may not be taken seriously; thus dissociative disorders are also called the "diseases of hiddenness".

B. More than 90 percent of the cases of DID have reported stemming from childhood trauma and/or childhood sexual abuse. Dissociative identity acts as an effective way to survive the trauma but if the trauma has passed, it interferes with the functioning of daily life.

C. Most cases with DID can be iatrogenic as a person with DID is more prone to go to hypnotic trance than the normal population. Thus, clinicians and therapists are at a risk to plant false memories.

3. C Inappropriate Transference

People with Disorganized Schizophrenia have all other symptoms in combination with negative symptoms of Schizophrenia.

4. True

Endophenotypes are quantitative, trait-like deficits that are typically assessed by laboratory-based methods. They might be a reason for the disorder to express but one endophenotype is not a reason why the disorder exists, it can be a cluster of endophenotypes expressed in a specific environment.

5. Usually, viral infections during second trimester of pregnancy are a major risk for the development of Schizophrenia in the foetus which includes both Rubella and Herpes. And influenza virus among others. Malnutrition is also a cause.

6. E.

There is a high prevalence of schizophrenia among identical i.e. monozygotic twins. Therefore, evidence suggests that schizophrenia is genetic and hereditary.

Whereas a child with two schizophrenic patients has a 40% chance of having schizophrenia