Question

1.

Table 1

EmpLastName	EmpFirstName	EmpTitle	CustomerName	CustomerAddress	TotalSales
Davolio	Nancy	Sales Representative	Andrew Tan	2A/507 James Ave. Victoria 3000	$3,368
Fuller	Andrew	Vice President, Sales	David Ewing	780 Capital Way NSW 2890	$298
Fuller	Andrew	Vice President, Sales	Donald Davies	908 Capital Way NSW 2890	$2,599
Leverling	Janet	Sales Representative	Nadine Forward	722 Moss Bay Blvd Victoria 3212	$3,468
Peacock	Margaret	Sales Representative	Andy Tansil	4110 Redmond Rd. Victoria 3100	$349
Buchanan	Steven	Sales Manager	Graham Ewing	14 Garrett Hill NSW 2300	$89
Buchanan	Steven	Sales Manager	Mark Anderson	23 Garrett Hill NSW 2300	$349
Buchanan	Steven	Sales Manager	Tran Tan	30 Punt Hill Drive NSW 2300	$149
Suvama	Michael	Sales Representative	Robert Chan	12 Coventry Rd. NSW 2000	$2,799
King	Robert	Sales Representative	Dianne Rendell	10 WinchesterWay Victoria 3122	$227
Callahan	Laura	Marketing Manager	Thomas Emery	4726 Elliot St Victoria 3000	$2,799
Dodsworth	Amelia	Sales Representative	Daniel Smith	7 Houndstooth Rd. NSW 2100	$2,799

Question (in Database and Design):

1. How many fields and rows are in table 1
2. Indicate the data type for each type of field?
3. What type of Database the following table represents?
4. With an illustration of a table, draw two to three tables with primary keys and foreign keys indicated.
5. What are the most important things that should be considered during data collections, what lead to quality data collections?
6. What is metadata?
7. Give two examples of metadata.
8. What problem would you encounter if you wanted to produce a listing by customer post-code?
9. What data redundancies can you detect and how could these redundancies lead to data anomalies?

Answer 1

a. 6 fields and 12 rows.

b. EmpLastName, EmpFirstName, EmpTitle, CustomerName, CustomerAddress => 'Varchar' type;

TotalSales => Interger.

c. Relational Database.

d. CREATE TABLE Orders (
    OrderID int NOT NULL,
    OrderNumber int NOT NULL,
    PersonID int,
    PRIMARY KEY (OrderID),
    FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(PersonID)
);

This is an Orders table which consists of a field OrderID which is a primary key and PersonaID is a foreign key which refers to primary key of Persons table.

CREATE TABLE Persons (
    ID int NOT NULL,
    LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
    FirstName varchar(255),
    Age int,
    PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

This is a table named Persons which is used as a reference table for the foreign key used within Orders table.

e.  Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The data collection component of research is common to all fields of study including physical and social sciences, humanities, business, etc. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same.

The importance of ensuring accurate and appropriate data collection

Regardless of the field of study or preference for defining data (quantitative, qualitative), accurate data collection is essential to maintaining the integrity of research. Both the selection of appropriate data collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed) and clearly delineated instructions for their correct use reduce the likelihood of errors occurring.

Consequences from improperly collected data include

• inability to answer research questions accurately
• inability to repeat and validate the study
• distorted findings resulting in wasted resources
• misleading other researchers to pursue fruitless avenues of investigation
• compromising decisions for public policy
• causing harm to human participants and animal subjects

f. META DATA:

Metadata describes other data. It provides information about a certain item's content. For example, an image may include metadata that describes how large the picture is, the color depth, the image resolution, when the image was created, and other data. A text document's metadata may contain information about how long the document is, who the author is, when the document was written, and a short summary of the document.

Web pages often include metadata in the form of meta tags. Description and keywords meta tags are commonly used to describe the Web page's content. Most search engines use this data when adding pages to their search index.

g. Examples of MetaData:

for example , if we consider the case of a book then we can say the metadata for a book can be as follows:

• a title,
• author name,
• publisher and copyright details,
• description on a back,
• table of contents,
• index,
• page numbers.

h. The postal codes are contained within the CustomerAddress attribute and decomposing

this character (string) field at the application level is cumbersome at best. (Queries become

much more difficult to write and take longer to execute when internal string searches must be

conducted.) If the ability to produce post-code listings is important, it is best to store the post-code numbers

as a separate attribute.

i. INTRODUCTION:

Anomaly:

Without normalization, redundancies occur in the table and it may lead to errors or some sort of inconsistency. These are termed as anomalies. Anomalies occur when user wants to update the data in the table.

Data Redundancy:

It is the presence of repeated data in the storage device. It consists of duplicate data which is additional to the actual data. In this, a data related to a folder can be seen in other folders too. For example, files related to X person's folder can also be seen in Y or Z person's folders.

Detection of Redundancy and Anomalies:

from the above table, persons with names " Fuller Andrew " and " Buchanan Steven " has been repeated by using two different addresses respectively for each person individually and differently.