Question

In c++

• What does operator overloading allow us to do ?

• Why must the << and the >> operators be overloaded as friend functions instead of member functions, for a user defined class ?

• What is the difference between an instance member variable and a static member variable ?

• How are call to static member functions made ?

• Describe the difference between reading a file using the >> operator and with the getline function

• What is inheritance

• What is a base case ?

• What does operator overloading allow us to do ?

• What can a derived class access within a base class ?

• An operator must be overloaded as a friend function when…

• A protected member of a class can be accessed by

• When can you overload an operator as a member function ? When must you overload an operator as a friend function ?

• If you have class GradStudent : public Student

        What can the class GradStudent access within the class Student?

        What can a client of GradStudent access within the class Student?

• Suppose you have a class called Employee that has, as a private member, an object of a class called Date.

       What can the class Employee access within the class Date ?

       What can a client of Employee access within the class Date?

Answer 1

Question 1: What does operator overloading allow us to do?

Answer: Operator overloading is a great feature of C++ using which we can define operators for objects of user-defined classes. For example, suppose we have a Complex class whose object represents a complex number of the form x + iy. If we want to add two objects of Complex class using plus(+) operator like c1 + c2 then we will not be able to do so without overloading a + operator for Complex class's objects.

Question 2: Why must the << and the >> operators be overloaded as friend functions instead of member functions, for a user-defined class?

Answer: Both << and >> are binary operators and the first operator of both of them is an object of C++'s istream class like cin, cout, etc. When operators are overloaded as member functions of the class then that means the first operator will always be the object of that class but if we do not want the first operator to be the object of that class then we need to declare it a friend function and define the first operator in the argument list of the operator function.

Question 3: What is the difference between an instance member variable and a static member variable?

Answer: An instance member variable is created whenever an object is created and the constructor is called and is associated with objects of the class i.e., for every object an instance member variable is also created. On the other hand, the static member variable is associated with a class i.e., only a single variable is created and shared among all objects of the class and also using the class's name. A static member variable is created using the "static" keyword.

Question 4: How are call to static member functions made?

Answer: A static member function is a special member function of a class which can only be used to access static member variables. A static member function can be called using an object of the class or class's name followed by scope-resolution operator (::) and function's name. For example, consider the class A:

class A{

public:

    static void print(){

        std::cout << "Inside A" << std::endl;

    }

}

The static member function print() can be called using:

A a; // Create an object of class A

a.print(); // Calling static function using object of class

A::print(); // Calling static function using class name

AS PER CHEGG'S ANSWERING GUIDELINES ONLY FIRST 4 QUESTIONS HAVE BEEN ANSWERED.

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