Question

21. A training method wherein the subject is rewarded for successfully executing increasingly correct approximations of some ultimately desired target behavior is __________:

a. bridging.

b. prompting.

c. habituating.

d. shaping.

22. A ground squirrel's memory of exactly where it was and what it was doing the very first time that it was threatened by a predator is an example of __________, which was probably facilitated by activity in the __________, a structure in the limbic system associated with fear-based learning:

a. implicit memory/ hippocampus.

b. flashbulb memory/ amygdala.

c. procedural memory/ cerebellum.

d. explicit memory/ motor cortex.

23. Imagine a laboratory rat sitting in front of a pellet dispenser. When an animal in this situation cannot predict when it will be reinforced, it is probably being reinforced on a:

a. fixed-ratio schedule.

b. variable-ratio schedule.

c. variable rathole schedule.

d. variable-interest schedule.

24. A special type of learning, usually observed in newly hatched or born animals during critical periods of their development and thought to be important in the development of species recognition systems is __________:

a. latent learning.

b. one-trial learning.

c. imprinting.

d. neonatal conditioning.

25. Social carnivores, such as wolves and lions, probably acquire some of their hunting and prey handling behavior through __________:

a. observational learning.

b. one-trial learning.

c. trial and error learning.

d. all of the above..

26. A type of learning that occurs in the absence of any obvious reinforcer, e.g., a rat apparently learning a maze through its repeated casual exploration, is termed __________:

a. one-trial learning.

b. observational learning.

c. social learning.

d. latent learning.

27. The inability of many fur-bearing animals to recognize traps and other anthropogenic technologies for the dangerous threats that they are is probably a consequence of

__________:

a. contrapreparedness.

b. insufficient opportunities for observational learning.

c. insufficient levels of social facilitation.

d. all of the above.

28. Elephants can locate water holes even after a decade has elapsed since they last visited the water hole. Although this impressive feat of memory is facilitated by their massive 11 pound brain, the area of the brain that is probably most responsible for this ability is the __________:

a. hypothalamus.

b. amygdala.

c. pineal gland.

d. hippocampus.

29. In general, animals that appear to possess well-developed __________ memory are perceived by humans as being more intelligent than those which do not:

a. basal ganglia.

b. implicit memory.

c. flashbulb memory.

d. episodic memory.

e. semantic memory.

30. The mental manipulation of information is termed __________:

a. learning.

b. selective attention.

c. contemplation.

d. thinking.

e. none of the above.

Answer 1

21 d. shaping. Shaping is a conditioning procedure where the subject is rewarded for successfully executing correct approximations.

22 b. flashbulb memory/ amygdala. A flashbulb memory is a vivid, detailed snapshot of the incident in which an astonishing and emotionally implicit incident happened. Amygdala is a part of the brain which is associated with fear-based learning.

23 a. fixed-ratio schedule. In a Fixed-ratio schedule, a response is reinforced after a specific number of responses. The fixed-ratio schedule produces a steady rate of responding.

24 c. imprinting.In many animal species, the newborn is very helpless and wholly dependent on its parents. Imprinting is hence imperative in the development of species recognition system.

25 a. observational learning. Social carnivores observe their mothers and their herd since the time of their birth and then mimic their habits for hunting a prey. This is called observational learning.

26 d. latent learning. It is through latent learning that a rat learns a maze without any reinforcement of the behavior.

27 a. contrapreparedness. Fur-bearing animals have an inherent disinclination for several stimuli to be conditioned to display certain conditioned responses. Hence they are unable to recognize traps and other anthropogenic technologies.

28 d. hippocampus. It is due to the presence of a large hippocampus in elephant's brain that it remembers the water holes that it visited more than a decade ago.

29 d. Episodic memory. Animals that possess episodic memory are considered to be more intelligent than the others who do not. In general, mammals possess episodic memory.

30 d. thinking. Thinking is mental manipulation of information to organize thoughts, solve problems and take decisions.