Question

Human being breaths in order to provide the means for gas exchange for the entire body. A respiratory control system is needed to ensure that the body's needs for this gas exchange are adequately met. The criterion of control is adequate ventilation, which ensures satisfactory levels of both ca controlled by neural impulses that originate within the lower brain and are transmitted to the chest cavity and diaphragm to govem the rate and tidal volume. One source of the signals is the chemoreceptors located near the respiratory center, which are sensitive to carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations. The figure below shows the block diagram of a simplified model of the human respiratory control system. The objective is to control the effective ventilation of the lungs so that satisfactory balance of concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen is maintained in the blood circulated at the chemoreceptor oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. Respiration is (a) A normal value of the chemoreceptor gain Kyis 0.1. Determine the critical gain for a stable system. (b) Assume that the chemoreceptor is defective so that its gain Kris increased to 1 Design a controller in the forward path (to be inserted in front of the block representing the lungs) so that a damping ratio of 0.707 is maintained. m Concentration Lungs E(4) RO) +0.2) Desired + ventilation Chemoreceptor

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