Question

Describe psychological dependence, how it develops, and the hypothesized brain system (s) that work in an interdependent fashion to mediate it. how have brain stimulation reward studies in both humans and animals provided evidence for this interdependent? who were the first people to accidentally discover this system, and what were they actually studying and hoping to discover?

Answer 1

Focusing in experimental study of human behaviour this article discusses the concepts of information and mental representation aiming the integration of their biological , computational and semantic aspects . Assuming that the objective of any commmunication process is ultimately to modify the receivers state the term correlational information is propsed .

Brain stimulation reward is a pleasurable phenomenon elicited via direct stimulation of specific brain regions originally discovered by james olds and peter miliner. Bsr can serve as a robust operant reinforcer. Bsr is an experimental setting . Icss typically involves subjects with permanent electrode implants in one of several regions of the brain known to produce bsr when stimulated. Bsr has been found in all vertebrates tested , including humans and it has provided a useful tool for understanding how natural rewards are processed by specific brain regions and circuits as well the neurotransmission associated with the reward system. Experiments on bsr soon demonstrated that stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus along with other regions and circuits as well the neurotransmission associated with the reawrd system.

JOHN HERSCHEL almost discovered Neptune the same way his father WILLAM HERSCHEL had discovered URANUS in 1781 by chance observation. In an 1846 letter to WIHELM STRUVE john herschel states that he observed neptune during a sweep of the sky on july 14 1830. Although his telescope was powerful enough to resolve neptune into a small blue disk and show it to be a planet he did not recognize it at the time and mistook it for a star.