Question

Can you please answer ALL the questions. Thanks in advance

Chapter: Sensory mechanism

1. Manuel is a guitar player in a rock band. He complains that he is having difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds. Explain the relationship between his hearing problem and his occupation.

Chapter Nervous system

1) Your Aunt Rosa had a stroke; that is, some of the neurons in her brain died or were injured when a blood clot or hemorrhage reduced the blood supply to them. She can understand what you say to her, but she cannot speak to answer you. She has trouble moving her right arm. What region of the brain was affected by the stroke? How do you know?

2) Joe and Henry were both in car accidents, and both suffered spinal cord damage. Joe's injury was in the lower back, and Henry's was in the neck region. The degree of injury to the spinal cord is similar in both Joe and Henry. Would the resulting problems be equal in severity? Explain. Would either one or both require respiration to breathe for him? Why? Describe some of the difficulties that you might expect Joe and Henry to have.

Answer 1

Sensory Mechanism:

1. Manuel is listening to high pitched sounds from the rock band. These sounds have frequencies that damage the cochlea of the inner ear. High pitched sounds are heard by the lower part of the cochlea. They have a frequency of around 3000 Hz. High pitched sounds are detected by cells with short hair that are present closest to the place where sound enters the inner ear. However, frequently hearing these sounds will damage the hair cells, leading to hearing loss if the frequencies exceed 20000 Hz (maximum that can be heard by human ear). Such hearing loss is sensorineural hearing loss and is permanent. He is not able to hear high pitched sounds as the hair cells in lower part of cochlea are damaged, but not other regions.

Nervous system:

1. The left side of the brain control speech and language. It also controls movement on right side of the body. The left hemisphere controls speech. The temporal lobe in left hemisphere controls speech. Damage to primary motor cortex in left frontal lobe affects movement of right arm. Thus, Aunt Rosa has damaged her frontal and temporal lobes in left hemisphere of the brain.

2. Spinal cord injury (SCI) to neck region will affect all function below the injury. Hence, this injury will be more drastic than lower back. Neck should have spinal cervical nerve C1-C4. Damage to these nerves causes the most severe damage. The patient cannot breathe on their own or even control bowel movement. Speech is impaired and the person may be tetraplegic or quadriplegic. Henry will require 24 hours care as they cannot eat, bathe, dress etc on their own. There is paralysis of arms, hands, trunk and legs.

Lower back SCI is less severe than neck SCI. Lower back contains lumber and sacral nerves. Sacral nerves affect hip and groin area, back of thighs, medial buttocks, and perineal areas. Lumber vertebrae connect the brain to the legs. Hence, damage to lumbar vertebrae will cause paralysis of legs.

Damage to these nerves will not affect the respiratory muscle. Hence, breathing will be normal. Joe may require wheelchair assistance or walking aids. He will also lack bowel and bladder control. Joe could become a paraplegic. There is loss of function of hips and legs.