Question

2)      List and explain all possible mechanisms whereby a radical prostatectomy leads to male urinary incontinence. Hint, prostatectomy was mentioned in multiple lecturers, and you might also need to research your answers. You are searching for different mechanisms causing incontinence after surgical prostate removal.

3)      Try to describe and explain the different physiological components responsible for the male erection response during the time when Pudendal arterial blood flow is essentially zero and the intracorporeal blood pressure is much greater than systolic arterial pressure. Make sure you try to explain how the intracorporeal blood pressure is much greater than systolic arterial pressure.  

         This is a tough question because we did not cover all of this in class, but you should have the background to discover the answers.

4)      Suppose a kidney stone was verified in a patient by low dose renal CT scan. The patient’s main symptoms have been present for 5 days. What are the treatment options and corresponding and mechanisms of action that could cause the stone to eventually be passed in the urine?   Do NOT describe all treatment options, only describe the options that cause the stone to eventually be passed in the urine.

Answer 1

2

When urine is emptied into the bladder from the kidneys, it is stored inside the bladder until you have the urge to urinate. The bladder is a hollow, muscular, balloon-shaped organ. Urine flows out of the bladder, and leaves the body through a tube called the urethra. Urination happens when the muscles in the wall of the bladder contract, forcing urine out of the bladder. At the same time, muscles that surround the urethra relax and allow the flow of urine. The prostate gland surrounds the urethra. Because an enlarged prostate gland can obstruct the urethra, it can cause urination retention or other problems with urination.

Removing the prostate through surgery or destroying it through radiation (either with an external beam or with radioactive seed implants) disrupts the way the bladder holds urine and can result in urine leakage. Radiation can decrease the capacity of the bladder and cause spasms that force urine out. Surgery can, at times, damage the nerves that help control bladder function.

3is well established that erectile responses involve both: (1) vasodilation of penile arteries to produce an adequate level of blood inflow into the cavernous sinuses and (2) smooth muscle relaxation of the cavernosal tissue. Therefore, insufficient arterial blood inflow to the penial region is widely accepted as one of the biggest causes of erectile dysfunction (ED).However, the exact mechanism of the insufficient arterial blood inflow is often difficult to elucidate and may involve functional as well as structural vascular abnormalities. In humans and many experimental animals, the arterial blood flow to the corpora cavernosa is normally derived from bilateral cavernous arteries, which branch off the internal pudendal arteries

As pressure increase the blood flow decrease and hence causes erectile dysfunction

4 Drinking water. Drinking as much as 2 to 3 quarts (1.9 to 2.8 liters) a day may help flush out your urinary system. Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, drink enough fluid — mostly water — to produce clear or nearly clear urine.
Pain relievers. Passing a small stone can cause some discomfort. To relieve mild pain, your doctor may recommend pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve).

Medication

This type of medication, known as an alpha blocker, relaxes the muscles in your ureter, helping you pass the kidney stone more quickly and with less pain.