Question

Describe BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) and explain how it affects urinary elimination.

What is the difference between urge incontinence and urinary retention? What is the pathophysiological processes occurring in both of these conditions?

describe the causes and treatment of PUD and GERD. list the causes and characteristics of constipation. list the causes and characteristics of diarrhea. describe the pathophysiology of nausea and vomitting.

Answer 1

Describe BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) and explain how it affects urinary elimination.

Sudden inability to urinate (urinary retention). You may need a tube (catheter) embedded into your bladder to deplete the pee. A few men with an expanded prostate need medical procedure to soothe urinary maintenance.

Urinary tract diseases (UTIs). Failure to completely purge the bladder can build the danger of contamination in your urinary tract. On the off chance that UTIs happen as often as possible, you may require medical procedure to evacuate some portion of the prostate.

Bladder stones. These are for the most part caused by a failure to totally discharge the bladder. Bladder stones can cause contamination, bladder aggravation, blood in the pee and obstacle of pee stream.

Bladder damage. A bladder that hasn't emptied completely can stretch and weaken over time. Subsequently, the strong mass of the bladder never again contracts appropriately, making it harder to completely discharge your bladder.

Kidney harm. Weight in the bladder from urinary maintenance can straightforwardly harm the kidneys or enable bladder contaminations to come to the kidneys.

What is the difference between urge incontinence and urinary retention?

Urinary Retention

Urinary Retention can occur for many reasons. If you cannot pass urine, it can cause severe abdominal, pelvic and back pain.

Commonly this is a crisis circumstance and should be treated by having a urethral catheter embedded. The catheter might be left set up to consider consistent pee seepage.

You additionally may have urinary maintenance in a considerably less significant circumstance, for instance in the event that you don't completely discharge your bladder when you urinate. In the event that you may have this sort of urinary maintenance, your doctor may have you go to the restroom, and afterward will complete a bladder filter (like a ultrasound) to check whether there is any leftover pee in your bladder.

Urge Incontinence

Urge incontinence is caused by abnormal bladder contractions. Normally, strong muscles called sphincters control the flow of urine from the bladder.  With urge incontinence, the muscles of an "overactive" bladder contract with enough power to supersede the sphincter muscles of the urethra, which is the tube that removes pee from the body.

The bladder may not be functioning properly because its nerves are damaged by various diseases -- for example, diabetes,stroke, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease.

What is the pathophysiological processes occurring in both of these conditions?

Pathophysiology or physiopathology is a convergence of pathology with physiology.

Pathology is the therapeutic order that portrays conditions regularly saw amid a malady state, though physiology is the natural control that depicts procedures or instruments working inside a living being. Pathology depicts the strange or undesired condition, while pathophysiology tries to clarify the useful changes that are happening inside a person because of an ailment or pathologic state.

Pathophysiology can likewise mean the useful changes related with or coming about because of malady or damage. Another definition is the utilitarian changes that go with a specific sickness.

describe the causes and treatment of PUD and GERD.

PUD

Causes

Ulcers shape when stomach related juices harm the dividers of the stomach or small digestive tract. In the event that the bodily fluid layer gets too thin or your stomach makes excessively corrosive, your gut will feel it. The two noteworthy causes are:

Microorganisms. It's called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and the same number of as half of us convey it. A great many people tainted with H. pylori don't get ulcers. Yet, in others, it can raise the measure of corrosive, separate the defensive bodily fluid layer, and disturb the stomach related tract.

Certain torment relievers. On the off chance that you've been taking ibuprofen frequently and for quite a while, will probably get a peptic ulcer. The equivalent is valid for other nonsteroidal mitigating drugs (NSAIDs).

Treatment

Some peptic ulcers recuperate without anyone else. Be that as it may, in the event that you don't treat them, the ulcers will in general return.

They can dissolve the vein divider in your stomach or small digestive tract. The ulcers likewise can eat a gap through the covering and get contaminated. Or then again they can cause swelling, which may square nourishment from moving from your stomach into your small digestive tract.

GERD

Causes

Dietary and way of life decisions may add to GERD. Certain nourishments and refreshments, including chocolate, peppermint, fricasseed or greasy sustenances, espresso, or mixed drinks, may trigger reflux and acid reflux. Studies demonstrate that cigarette smoking loosens up the LES.

Treatment

Doctors recommend lifestyle and dietary changes for most people needing treatment for GERD.

Treatment goes for diminishing the measure of reflux or lessening harm to the covering of the throat from refluxed materials. Keeping away from sustenances and drinks that can debilitate the LES is regularly prescribed. These foods include chocolate, peppermint, fatty foods, coffee, and alcoholic beverages.

Sustenances and refreshments that can chafe a harmed esophageal covering, for example, citrus foods grown from the ground, tomato items, and pepper, ought to likewise be kept away from on the off chance that they cause side effects.

list the causes and characteristics of constipation.

• Eating a considerable measure of dairy items.
• Changes to what you eat or your exercises.
• Not being dynamic.
• Fighting the temptation to crap.
• A few meds (particularly solid agony medications, for example, opiates, antidepressants, and iron pills)
• Abuse of purgatives.
• Insufficient water or fiber in your eating regimen.
• Stress.

list the causes and characteristics of diarrhea

The most widely recognized reason for intense looseness of the bowels is contamination - viral, bacterial, and parasitic. Microorganisms additionally can cause intense nourishment harming. A third essential reason for intense loose bowels is beginning another medicine since numerous drugs can cause looseness of the bowels.

Traveler's diarrhea

There are numerous strains of E. coli microscopic organisms. The vast majority of the E. coli microbes are ordinary occupants of the small digestive tract and colon and are non-pathogenic, which means they don't cause malady in the digestive organs. By the by, these non-pathogenic E. coli can cause ailments in the event that they spread outside of the digestive organs, for instance,into the urinary tract (where they cause bladder or kidney infections) or into the blood stream (sepsis).

describe the pathophysiology of nausea and vomitting.

Pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting. Vomiting is caused by noxious stimulation of the vomiting center directly orin a roundabout way by means of at least 1 of 4 extra locales: the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the vestibular framework, the chemoreceptor trigger zone, and higher focuses in the cortex and thalamus.