Question

PLEASE HELP ME ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS!

Question 2 Validity of a study depends on systematic error. O A. True B. False Question 3 1 pt A study found that the effect of binge drinking on health was shown to vary by gender. This is an example of 0 external validity O B. confounding. 0 C, effect modification. D. internal validity MacBook Ai

Answer 1

Question 2. A. TRUE
Systematic errors are considered part of the validity of a measurement. By increasing variability in observations, random error reduces the reliability of measurement. In contrast, by shifting the central tendency measure, systematic error reduces the validity of measurement.

Question 3. C. Effect modification

Effect modification occurs when the magnitude of the effect of the primary exposure on an outcome (i.e., the association) differs depending on the level of a third variable.
Effect modification is all about stratification and occurs when an exposure has a different effect among different subgroups. Effect modification is associated with the outcome but not the exposure.

For example, imagine you are testing out a new treatment that has come onto the market, Drug X. If Drug X works in females but does not work in males, this is an example of effect modification.

Question 4. A. Primary prevention

Primary prevention is concerned with preventing the onset of disease; it aims to reduce the incidence of disease. It involves interventions that are applied before there is any evidence of disease or injury. Examples include protection against the effects of a disease agent, as with vaccination. It can also include changes to behaviors such as cigarette smoking or diet. The strategy is to remove causative risk factors (risk reduction), which protects health and so overlaps with health promotion.