Homework Answers
9.
Due to inadequate cardiac output, due to the hearts inefficiency to pump effectively, triggers the sympathetic nervous system and the neurohormonal responses, which in turn causes diaphoresis. Cool and clammy extremities are a result of low cardiac output, which indicates low perfusion.
10. Jugular venous distention and hepatomegaly are signs of right sided heart failure.
- The inability to pump blood by the right ventricle causes back up of blood in the right atrium which in turn causes increased pressure in the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
- Increased pressure and congestion in the superior vena cava causes congestion of veins draining from the upper part of the body, which results in jugular venous distention.
- Increased pressure in the inferior vena cava in turn causes increased pressure and congestion in the other veins that drain into it including the hepatic veins, hence hepatomegaly.
11.
Reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate causes activation of renin- angiotensin - aldosterone mechanism, enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity and vasopressin release. These factors evoke potent vasoconstriction, retain sodium and water and cause hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia.
Hence, the patient has hypernatremia and hypokalemia.
12.
Due to less renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate the kidneys are unable to excrete the waste products like urea and creatinine, this results in the increased BUN and creatinine values in heart failure.
References:
- www.mayoclinic.org
- http://en.m. Wikipedia. org. wiki
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