Question

o sisu fefault surge pue sneap queg a8. massive tempora saaasuay pajs y8non uana "paouau quickly 2asse- Most existing markets for provision of ecosystem services ( really "fre A.environmental e ms because.. activity in competitive global main free from pricing in a free-market. B. only a Soviet-type command economy will eliminale 1ou ae (Sad) and ecosystem: services should re- areas-aae arqmjoud o1 enuassa auonoo am industrial pollution, -market mechanisms greements such as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and 2015 Paris Sad u asu jau e ioddns aaAu Agreement are chanisms, so ecosystems and biodiversity will continue to be destroved. .most PES markets are generated by allowances for flexibility in mandato- ry environmental regulations, and buyers must be pushed into the market by regulations, not out of simple willingness to pay for public goods 17. A global value chain is.. the full range of activities which bring a product or service from concep- tion, through the different phases of physical transformation and social commodification, delivery to final consumption and disposal by customes, ception, to bundles of inputs combined at a single plant into finished goods for international export. the full range of component tasks that go ntdntenationally under -uos uoi onpoid e auuq o1 painbau ae you saniae g nd marketing the guidance of advanced producer services, aided by advances in fossil- fueled transportation and information communications technology .socially constructed chain of words, neither truly barely meaningful valuable nor global, and Who governs global value chains, and for what purpose? - ad sonuaai xe azuXEuI 01 'sas uoeu rential Trade Agreements, to define regional security relationships. Firms, to outsource jobs and offshore profits from risdictions; nation growth: irms, to maximise jobs, nation high-wage, high-tax ju- and macroeconomic promote value-added jobs states, to minimize taxes; Preferential Trade Agreements to st uo nize profit; nation states, to maximise multilateral integration. jobs; Preferential Trade Agreements, to replace The World Trade Organization (WTO) must address the systematic chal- 61 lenge posed by global value chains (GVCS) and their sede disciplines that A.it is no longer the best option for negotiatug weight or share i because trade. apply to all countries .otherwise preferential trade agreement with a fragmented, less inclusive frameworktorworld trade and investment. regardless of size, ec (PTAS) will fill thegovernance gap 第ら页共少家

MULTIPLE CHOICES

Answer 1

17. The answer is (A), as the global value change involves all the activities including the production or services, the way in which they are to be supplied or distributed and also includes activities after the sales of those products or services for example, their delivery, their final consumption and finally their disposal. This chain also involves identifying the loopholes of the process in the global market.

18. The answer is (D). Generally, the global value change is governed by the firm to understand the ways in which the production and supply of goods and services, which will consequently, help the firms to maximise their profits. Furthermore, the nation states govern the GVC to enhance economic growth and stimulate the transfer of skills and technology, which could be done my maximising jobs. Lastly, the preferential trade agreements governs the GVC to replace the multilateral integration that affect trade and investment as a whole.