Ans.
1.A gain recorded on an exchange of nonmonetary assets that lacks commercial substance :- Error (It is the improper recoring of unusual transaction)
2.Purchases of equipment are erroneously reported in a maintenance and expense account :- Error (This is not done with any wrong intention )
3.Expenditures for repairs and maintenance intentionally recorded as property, plant, and equipment to overstate income :- Fraud (This is an intential act which is done to overstate the income)
4.An asset that has been replaced is discarded due to lack of value, with no entry to the general ledger :- Error (This is the case where entry is not passed for retirement of PPE)
Option 1,2 and 4 are the transactions which are not done intentionally and hence considered as Error while the Option 3 transaction is done with the intention to overstate income and considered as Fraud.
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