Question

1.

A shepherd community improved its ability to sell its products internationally, which increased its sheep population exponentially. This eventually led to severe soil erosion and the pasture could no longer support even a small herd. As a result, the shepherds lost their sheep and their business failed. This is an example of:

System instability

Overshoot

Environmental injustice

Asset transition

2.

The primary difference between biocentrism and ecocentrism is that

Biocentrism considers both human and non-human living things such as animals and some plants to have intrinsic value and moral standing; ecocentrism considers even holistic entities such ecosystems and species to have intrinsic value and moral standing

Biocentrism considers both human and non-human living things such as animals and some plants to have intrinsic value and moral standing; ecocentrism considers only humans to have intrinsic value and moral standing

Biocentrism emphasizes the intrinsic value and moral consideration of non-human living things above those of humans, and ecocentrism believes intrinsic value and moral consideration should be equal for all living things

Biocentrism extends intrinsic value and moral consideration to include holistic entities like ecosystems and species; ecocentrism emphasizes the intrinsic value and moral consideration of humans and animals only

3.

The United Nations identifies the three pillars of sustainability as:

environmental justice, resource conservation, and redistribution.

government regulation, renewable resources, and social change.

green business models, wildlife refuges, and climate stabilization.

environmental protection, economic development, and social equity.

4.

Which of the following is an example of a successful online collective action?

Millions of people post pictures on social media about their visits to U.S. national parks.

Thousands of people from more than 20 countries play a virtual reality game online and make a living from this activity.

The ratification of a a much-anticipated international public policy on climate change is streamed online for millions of people to watch around the world.

A hashtag against environmental injustice becomes viral and forces the suspension of a toxic waste dumping project in a poor city slum.

5.

Which of the following illustrates the concept of social norms?

20-30 years ago it was difficult to find a local farm in urban settings. Now urban farmers' markets make it easier for people living in cities to buy locally-grown food.

20-30 years ago it was too expensive for people with low incomes to buy food at farmers' markets. Now many farmers' markets accept vouchers from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), so more low-income families on SNAP are shopping at local farmers' markets now than in the past.

20-30 years ago it was difficult for farmers to transport, market, and sell their produce directly to customers in city centers, but urban farmers' markets have created locations to connect buyers and sellers directly.

20-30 years ago few people in urban settings thought about buying locally-grown food. Then advertising, books, and conversations began to promote buying local. And now many people think that they should.

Answer 1

1. In population ecology, overshoot means when the population of a species exceeds the long term carrying capacity of the environment. Thus , the example given in the question pertains to overshoot.

2.  The primary difference between biocentrism and ecocentrism is that biocentrism considers both human and non-human living things such as animals and some plants to have intrinsic value and moral standing; ecocentrism considers even holistic entities such ecosystems and species to have intrinsic value and moral standing.

3. The United Nations identifies the three pillars of sustainability as: environmental protection, economic development, and social equity.

4. Collective action is an action by a group of people towards achieving a bigger social objective . Therefore the answer for a successful online collective action would be: A hashtag against environmental injustice becomes viral and forces the suspension of a toxic waste dumping project in a poor city slum.

5. The correct option illustrating the concept of social norm would be : 20-30 years ago it was difficult for farmers to transport, market, and sell their produce directly to customers in city centers, but urban farmers' markets have created locations to connect buyers and sellers directly.