Question

1. Explain why PTH would be secreted in response to hypocalcemia. How will it fix the problem? What electrolyte imbalances could be caused by over-secretion of PTH? 2. Name the three principal buffering systems of the human body. How quickly do they take effect? How powerful are they? 3. Diabetics whose diabetes is not controlled may suffer diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Why does this occur? In what way would the respiratory system compensate for DKA? 4. Which of the following CANNOT easily diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer? a) nitrogen b) vitamin D c) water d) potassium e) steroid hormone 5. How can solutes cross cell membranes if they are unable to diffuse across? 6. About how many pounds of ISF does a 200 pound person have? Make sure to show your work in order to receive credit. 7. Name the two principal anions of the ISF.

Answer 1

1. Parathyroid glands regulate the calcium in our bodies. so deficiency of parathyroid hormone cause hypocalcemia and patient shows muscle twitching, positive chvostek sign, positive trousers sign and tetany. As such the stimulation of PTH secretion in response to hypocalcemia acts to restore normal calcium level in blood.

Over secretion of PTH may be due to hyperparathyroidism. When PTH raises, calcium level also increase leads to hypercalcemia . In rare cases it may be caused by cancer.

2, There are three buffer system which regulates blood PH in our body, buffer system consist of bi carbonate buffer system,the phosphate buffer system and the plasma protein buffer system.

BUFFERING SYSTEM OF BLOOD

When any acidic substance enter into the blood, the bicarbonate ions neutralize the hydronium ions and forming carbonic acid and water. in same way when a basic substance enter into blood stream carbonic acid reacts with the hydroxide ions producing bicarbonate ions and water.

To maintain homeostasis in the blood and extracellular fluid blood buffer system is important . Normal PH of blood is 7.35 to 7.45

3, Diabetic ketoacidosis is the complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus. DKA is a life threatening condition where body starts breaking down of fat instead of glucose. The liver process fat into a fuel called ketones. Which causes the blood to become acidic.

Kussmaul respiration is the body's attempt to blow off as much carbon dioxide as possible inorder to compensate for metabolic acidosis from DKA