A manufacturer had the following information:
Budget |
Actual |
|
Units produced |
10,000 |
11,050 |
Materials used in production |
400 kg |
? |
Material Costs |
$ 8,000 |
? |
Direct Labour (Hours) |
35,000 hrs |
41,010 hrs |
Direct Labour Costs |
$ 385,000 |
$450,951 |
Variable Overhead Costs |
$ 350,000 |
$411,441 |
Fixed Overhead Costs |
$ 160,000 |
$136,358 |
Other Information
Overhead is Allocated on Direct Labour Hours
During the year, 602 kg of materials were purchased for $12,000
Beginning Direct Material Inventory: none
Ending Direct Material Inventory: 39kg
Required: Calculate the following variances
Given that
Opening direct material is Nil
Purchases is 602 kgs of $ 12000
Closing Direct material is 39 Kgs
Hence, Material used in Production is as follows
Formula for consumption of raw material is
Consumption=opening+Purchases-closing of direct raw
material
Therefore, by substituting the given figures in the above
formula=0+602-39
563
Kgs
Material cost as per purchase cost= $12000/602 kgs
19.94 per kg
approx
Missing figures in the given table is as follows:
Material used in the production = 563 kgs
Material cost as per consumption = 563 X 19.94
$11,226
Computation of Variances:
A. Direct Material Price(Rate) Variance:
Formula: SPAQ minus APAQ
SQ= Standard quantity for actual production or output
SP= Standard Price
AQ= Actual quantity of materials consumed
AP= Actual Price
Here SQ= 400 kgs
SP= $8000/400 kgs
= $ 20 per Kg
AP= $ 19.94 per Kg
AQ= 563 Kgs
By substituting the above figures in the formula,
= (20X563) - (19.94x563)
= 34 (Adverse)
B. Direct Material Efficiency Variance
Formula: SPSQ minus SPAQ
By substituting the above figures in the formula,
(20X400) - (20X563)
3260(Adverse)
C. Direct Labour Price Variance
Formula: SRAH minus ARAH
SR= Standard rate of labour per hour
SH= Standard hours for actual production or output
AH= actual hours
AR= actual rate of labour per hour
SR= $385000/ 35000 hrs
$11 per hour
SH= 35000 hrs
AH= 41010 hrs
AR= $450951/41010 hrs
$ 10.996 or $ 11 approx
By substituting the above figures in the formula,
(11 x 41010) - (10.996x 41010)
159(favorable)
D.Direct Labour Efficiency Variance
Formula: SRSH minus SRAH
By substituting the above figures in the formula,
( 11 x 35000) - ( 11 x 41010)
66110(Adverse)
E. Variable Overhead Rate (Spending) Variance
This variance is due to the difference between standard variable
overhead rate and actual variable overhead rate
for the actual time taken. It is calculated on the pattern of
direct labour rate variance.
Variable Overhead Rate (Spending) Variance= Actual time (standard
variable overhead rate per hour minus actual variable overhead rate
per hour)
= Standard variable overheads - actual variable
overheads
Therefore Standard variable overheads= $350000 , Actual variable
overheads=$411411
= $350000 - $ 411411
= 61411(Adverse)
F. Variable overhead efficiency variance
This variance is due to difference between standard hours for
actual output and the actual hours taken at the standard variable
overhead rate.
In otherwords, variable overhead efficiency variance is a measure
of the extra overhead (or savings) incurred solely because direct
usage exceedeed
(or was less than) the standard direct labour hours
allowed.
Efficiency variance= Standard variable overhead rate per hour x
(Standard hours for actual production- actual hours)
Standard variable overhead rate per hour= $350000/ 35000
hrs
$10 per hour
Standard hours for actual production= 35000 hrs, actual hours=
41010 hrs
Therefore, $10 ( 35000 - 41010)
60100(Adverse)
G. Fixed overhed rate (Flexible Budget) Variance
This variance arises due to the difference between the budgeted
fixed overheads and the actual fixed overheads incurred during a
particular period.
It shows the efficiency in spending. This variance arises dueto the
following
a. Rise in general price level
b. changes in production methods
c.ineffective control
Formula= Budgeted fixed overhead minus actual fixed
overhead
Budgeted fixed overhead is $160000 and actual fixedoverhead is
$136358
Therefore $ 160000 - $136358
23642(favourble)
H. Fixed Overhead Production Volume Variance
Formula SRSH minus SRAH
SR = $160000/35000
$4.57
SH= 35000 hrs
AH= 41010 hrs
Therefore by applying the formula then
27472(Adverse)
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