Question

The patient is a 75 year old female who has just been diagnosed with lung cancer. Her health history includes breast cancer 15 years ago and osteoporosis.

1. What diagnostic tests could have been used to diagnose the cancer.

2. Discuss the different treatments that the patient experience, including advantages and disadvantages of each type and overall prognosis.

3. Explain why the lung is a common site for secondary cancer.

4. What signs and symptoms related to the pulmonary system may the patient experience?

5. The patient states she walks 30 minutes every day. Considering the patient's age, explain the ways that moderate exercise can benefit her.

Answer 1

Diagnosis of lung cancer: or scan. CT scan produces images of sige, location of lung, tumor and location of metastasis. PET Scan epositron emission tomography) : - A small amount of radio active substance given into body to see tumor rige, location in longs. Usually used along with CT scan. MRI scan CMagnetic resonance imaging). Bone sean Bronchoscopy Needle aspiration | Biopsy. > Molecular testing of the tumor for mutations: - EGFR, ALK, KRAS, BRAF HER2, ROS, IRET, MET and TRK. Testing the tumor for some gene mutations is common in later stages of long cancer. lung cancer:- 3 The 5 basic ways to treat > Surgery > Radiation therapy schemotherapy > Targeted therapy

> Immunotherapy surgery. Gool of the surgery is to completely remove the lung tumor and near by lymphnodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with the surrounding normal tissue. The time it takes to recover depends on how much longs memored and health before the surgery. Osa is suitable only when tumor stage is small. In later . stages along with surgery Rt, chemotherapy should be given. Cure rates with surgery is retained to early stages of cancer only. Types of surgery are lobectomy , wedge resection, seguentec- -tomy, pneumonectomy. » Radiation therapy. Use of high energy x-rays cor) other particles to destroy cancer cells. The most Common type is external beam radiation therapy CEBRT). like surgery it caut be need to treat wide spread cancer. Can be need for patients with early stage & small tumors.

si deffects. fatigue, lows of apetite, sore throat, difficulty in swallowing radiation pneumonitis, shortness of breathes, targeted (immunotherapy :- cough, fever etc. Chemotherapy > usually systemie therapies for lung cancer. chemotherapy is used to destroy cancer cells nenally by keeping the cancer | cells from growing, dividing and making more cell. But Chemotherapy damages cor) kills normal cells also. But in care of targeted therapy the drug targets only cancer cells the normal cells will not be affected. side effects: fatique, low number of blood cells, moutheores, mone risk of infection, diarrhora, numbners, tingling sensation, hair loss, nausea and vomiting. Chemotherapy may also danny damage healthy cells in the body, including skin celle, bloodeells, nerve cells. Immunotherapy a opy boosts the immune syetem to fight against cancer. Venally risks are less with immunotherapy cor) targeted therapy.

34) usually me tastar is ouers to hear by local organs through majorly two routes one is lymphatic spread and the other i hematogenous spread means mainly by circulatory and lymphatic spread. lung is the organ with more number of regional lymphuodes. Lung is close con near by most of organs and with circulatory system since blood is ony genated here only. mome oxygen environment is here only for tumor growth. So long is for primary site secondary cancer. 4A) Signs and symptoms: » Cough Is shortness of > Chest pain breathe > Coughing with mueve cor phlegm. > Hoarseness. > Hemoptysis clough with blood).

eventually enercuse for about 150 minutes a week I for long cauver patients Cage > 50 yre). It takes time to improve fitness devel, so progress slowly a good way to everuse is in short sessione of lo min each. Walking is a safeway to begin. You can start by walking around a room in house. Try to slowly increase the distance. Along with walking, breathing eneruses will benefit the patients with lung cancer since they usually experience shortness of breathe CroB)." Diaphragmatic breathing will strengthens the diaphragm? stretching exer uses increases flow of blood and onggen to museles- light stretching may benefit patients range of motion and decreases the stiffness. 0x — он