A length-10 packet of zeros and ones, c-(C1, c2 , . . . , c10), where...
Consider a noisy communication channel, where each bit is flipped with probability p (the probability that a bit is sent in error is p). Assume that n−1 bits, b1,b2,⋯,b(n−1), are going to be sent on this channel. A parity check bit is added to these bits so that the sum b1+b2+⋯+bn is an even number. This way, the receiver can distinguish occurrence of odd number of errors, that is, if one, three, or any odd number of errors occur, the...
A data packet is transmitted over a lossy wireless channel with packet error rate 0.3. Most communication systems adopt the Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) protocol. That is, if a packet is successfully (with probability 0.7) or unsuccessfully (with probability 0.3) received, the receiver respectively sends a one-bit ‘ACK’ or ‘NAK’ message (over a separate feedback channel) to the transmitter. After receiving an ‘ACK’, the transmitter will move on to the next packet transmission; otherwise, the transmitter will re-transmit the same...
A communication link uses a simple repetition code for error correction, where ain information bit T)" is sent by a length-5 sequence of zeros, İ.е., 0 (0,0,0,0,0) Likewise, an information bit "I', is sent by a length-5 sequence of ones, i.e., 1 → (1,1,1,1,1). Assume that information bits "O's" and "1's" are sent with equal prob- ability and each of the 5 corresponding code bits that are transmitted are received in error independently with probability 0.01. The receiver makes a...
8. There are three urns. Urnl contains 2 white and 3 black marbles, Urn2 contains 3 white and 2 black marbles, and Urn3 contains 1 white and 4 black marbles. First, the urn is selected equally likely, than a ball is drawn from the urn. a) We know that a white marble is chosen. What is the probability that the marble came from Urn2? b) We know that a black marble is chosen. What is the probability that the marble...