Question

There were several atomic models developed since 1800s. List 5 scientists you think contributed most to the development of these models and briefly explain what their main inventions.

Answer 1

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A HISTORY OF THE ATOM: THEORIES AND MODELS How have our ideas about atoms changed over the years? This graphic looks at atomic models and how they developed. NUCLEAR MODEL QUANTUM MODEL SOLID SPHERE MODEL PLUM PUDDING MODEL PLANETARY MODEL JOHN DALTON J.J. THOMSON ERNEST RUTHERFORD NIELS BOHR ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER 1803 1904 1911 1913 Do 1926 Dalton drew upon the Ancient Greek idea of atoms (the word 'atom' comes from the Greek 'atomos' meaning indivisible). His theory stated that atoms are indivisible, those of a given element are identical, and compounds are combinations of different types of atoms. Thomson discovered electrons (which he called 'corpuscles') in atoms in 1897, for which he won a Nobel Prize. He subsequently produced the 'plum pudding' model of the atom. It shows the atom as composed of electrons scattered throughout a spherical cloud of positive charge. Rutherford fired positively charged alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil. Most passed through with little deflection, but some deflected at large angles. This was only possible if the atom was mostly empty space, with the positive charge concentrated in the centre: the nucleus. Some deflen little defle passed Bohr modified Rutherford's model of the atom by stating that electrons moved around the nucleus in orbits of fixed sizes and energies. Electron energy in this model was quantised; electrons could not occupy values of energy between the fixed energy levels. Schrödinger stated that electrons do not move in set paths around the nucleus, but in waves. It is impossible to know the exact location of the electrons; instead, we have 'clouds of probability called orbitals, in which we are more likely to find an electron. RECOGNISED ATOMS OF A PARTICULAR ELEMENT DIFFER FROM OTHER ELEMENTS RECOGNISED ELECTRONS AS COMPONENTS OF ATOMS REALISED POSITIVE CHARGE WAS LOCALISED IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM PROPOSED STABLE ELECTRON ORBITS; EXPLAINED THE EMISSION SPECTRA OF SOME ELEMENTS + SHOWS ELECTRONS DON'T MOVE AROUND THE NUCLEUS IN ORBITS, BUT IN CLOUDS WHERE THEIR POSITION IS UNCERTAIN ATOMS AREN'T INDIVISIBLE - THEY'RE COMPOSED FROM SUBATOMIC PARTICLES NO NUCLEUS; DIDN'T EXPLAIN LATER EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS DID NOT EXPLAIN WHY ELECTRONS REMAIN IN ORBIT AROUND THE NUCLEUS MOVING ELECTRONS SHOULD EMIT ENERGY AND COLLAPSE INTO THE NUCLEUS, MODEL DID NOT WORK WELL FOR HEAVIER ATOMS STILL WIDELY ACCEPTED AS THE MOST ACCURATE MODEL OF THE ATOM