Question

Q. 1. Give a brief explanation on which are the 10 Risk factors influencing crash involvement?    

Peden, M. Scurfield, R. Sleet, D. Mohan, D. Hyder, A. Jarawan & Mathers, C. (2004). World report on road traffic injury prevention. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42871/1/9241562609.pdf  

Answer 1

Risk factors influencing crash involvement

S.no	Risk factors	Explanation
1.	Speed	It is the core of road injury problem This occurs when vehicle loses the control of relevant speed limit It is illegal speed limit of the vehicle in road and traffic condition. Latest automobile technology can increase the acceleration of the speed of the vehicle. This usually occurs at road junctions, overtaking of anot her vehicle Studies clearly says , there is direct proportional of greater the speed will leads to serious and fatal injury.
2.	Pedestrians and cyclists	This occurs due to complex mix factors This occur in low socio economic countries mostly This is due to modernization of traffic system This occurs mainly due to unprotected road users is the mixing of unprotected people with high speed of motor vehicle This occurs usually Point of collision Lack of adequate separate pedestrian Lack of cyclist facilities Lack of foot paths or cycle tracks Poor street visibility Alcoholism Poor design of the front of the car Unsafe provision of crossing and road junctions
3.	Young drivers and riders	Road crash injury is the leading cause of death in youngsters. Inexperience in driving and curiosity in driving leads to the injury The factors are: Ignorance about mobility patterns and vehicle characteristics of the vehicle Psychological characteristics- curiosity and over confidence Inappropriate speed of the vehicle Late night driving
4.	Alcohol	Higher risk Studies shows that drunken alcohol drivers leads to crash injuries
5.	Medicinal and recreational drugs	This affects the central nervous system which has the potential to impair drivers. Affects the driving performance There is a relationship between drug levels and driving safety rules A study shows that drivers who consume psychoactive drugs are more likely to be risk in crash injuries.
6.	Driver fatigue	Fatigue or sleepiness is the major factor in crash injury for long hours of driving Factors are: Young drivers- sleep debt Driver over 50 years Male- long period of work Shift workers Part time driving job Narcolepsy condition drivers After consuming alcohol Inadequate rest and sleep Peak level of fatigue – usually involve in crash injury
7.	Hand held mobile telephones	Adversely affect driver behavior It affects the physical perception and decision making skills of the drivers while driving It creates mental distraction and mind overload Utilization of mobile phones has increase 4 times than the driver not using the phone
8.	Inadequate visibility	Fundamental concept of driving is vision Inadequate vision leads to motor vehicle crashes Inadequate of running lights on the street will affect the vision Poor lighting will leads to unprotected driving
9.	Road related factors	It occurs in particular sections of roads, scattered roads along residential side, and areas of social deprivation. Poor engineering of roads Traffic management and road safety engineering measures avoid the road related factors.
10.	Vehicle related factors	Vehicle design Inappropriate vehicle inspections Overloading