Question

1. Choose the study design that best matches each statement described below. The study design may be used more than once or none at all. (24 points)

Statement	Study Design
____ Blinding or masking is used to control potential bias.	Case-Control
____ Observational epidemiological studies, this design is cheaper and faster to conduct because of the usage of already existing data.	Cross-sectional
____ Control groups can receive the current “standard” treatment or a placebo.	Ecological
____ Data on exposure and outcome at the individual level is gathered at one point in time.	Prospective Cohort
____ Disease-free individuals are enrolled based on a defined population or exposure at the present then followed up over time to see who develops the disease of interest.	Retrospective Cohort
____ Efficient for multiple exposures.	Randomized Clinical Trial
____ Efficient for multiple outcomes.
____ Efficient for rare outcomes.
____ For each case recruited into the study, a sex- and age-matched control was recruited.
____ Observational study with greater potential for loss-to-follow up.
____ Have the highest internal validity.
____ Inexpensive study that can be quickly conducted when individual level data are not available.
____ Less expensive design useful for diseases that are prevalent and of long duration.
____ Preferred when the variability of exposure within the group is low or variability of exposure between groups is high.
____ Randomization after enrollment confirms that participants have an equal probability of being in the exposed or unexposed groups.
____ Subjects with and without the outcome of interest are enrolled and then evaluated if they had a history of exposure in the past.

Answer 1

____ Blinding or masking is used to control potential bias.	Randomized Clinical Trial
____ Observational epidemiological studies, this design is cheaper and faster to conduct because of the usage of already existing data.	Cohort study cross sectional
____ Control groups can receive the current “standard” treatment or a placebo.	Experimental design
____ Data on exposure and outcome at the individual level is gathered at one point in time.	Cross-sectional studies
____ Disease-free individuals are enrolled based on a defined population or exposure at the present then followed up over time to see who develops the disease of interest.	Cohort study
____ Efficient for multiple exposures.	Case-Control Study
____ Efficient for multiple outcomes.	Cohort study
____ Efficient for rare outcomes.	case-control study
____ For each case recruited into the study, a sex- and age-matched control was recruited.	Case-Control studies
____ Observational study with greater potential for loss-to-follow up.	Prospective Cohort Study
____ Have the highest internal validity.	Experimental study
____ Inexpensive study that can be quickly conducted when individual level data are not available.	Ecological studies
____ Less expensive design useful for diseases that are prevalent and of long duration.	Case-Control studies
____ Preferred when the variability of exposure within the group is low or variability of exposure between groups is high.	Ecological studies
____ Randomization after enrollment confirms that participants have an equal probability of being in the exposed or unexposed groups.	Randomized controlled study
____ Subjects with and without the outcome of interest are enrolled and then evaluated if they had a history of exposure in the past. Prospective cohort studies