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Q2. (Randomized trials) Suppose a study of high school students in a developing country finds that...

Q2. (Randomized trials) Suppose a study of high school students in a developing country finds that owning a computer is associated with higher academic grades.

a. Do you think this relationship is causal? If yes, why? If no, what else might be driving the correlation? [3 points]
b. How would you design an experiment to estimate the causal effect of owning a computer? [4 points]c. How would you empirically check that the “all else equal” condition holds in the experiment? [3 points]

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No. I dont think this relationship is causal The students with higher academic grades might be more interested in their academics and career and thus, own a computer as they find it useful. So, it doesnt mean that owning a computer leads to higher academic grades. Instead students with higher academic grades are already interested and focused kind of students and most of them may usually own a computer. So, the variables that might be driving the correlation are interest, focus and hard work of students. Owning a computer might be just one of the things that have arisen out of their interest as they might have found it useful for their studies. Conducting controlled experiment is helpful in estimating the causal effect of owning a computer. For this, only those students who are not owning a computer must be chosen and it would be better if these students are approximately equally capable in their academics without significant differences. Divide these students into two groups. Provide computers for one group for a period of 3 months or more and also train them how to use a computer(basics) for those who have no knowledge of it. Let other group of students be without computers. After a period of 3 months or more, conduct a test. Compare the mean scores of each group. Also compare the mean scores of these groups with their respective previous scores (when no student owned a computer). By doing this, one can find if there exists a causal relationship between owning a computer (being independent variable) and academic grades (being dependent variable) The care must be taken that the students do not know why they are providing with computers and both groups should not have any knowledge of the experiment (blind study must be conducted). It would be better if two groups are from different schools (not mandatory) but of the same standard in all respects.C. The all else equal condition holds in the experiment only when normal students are selected for the study. If there are any abnormal students that include highly intelligent students and very poor students then it would be misleaded and biased. While forming 2 groups of students, the care must be taken that one group is not anyway better than the other one. Two groups must be equally capable of their academics. The students with any health issues, mental depressions due to loss of their dear ones or due to any other reasons and with any other abnormalities must not be taken into the study if known initially and if it is known during the study, then they must not be considered in the conclusion, that is, their score should not be counted. So, the sample size of each group must be more than the desired. If we consider that 40 students in each group would be sufficient, then we must take 50 students in each group The same study can be conducted more number of times on students from different schools to ensure that the conclusion is valid

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