Question

Q4 Briefly describe how the urinary system, respiratory system, digestive system and integumentary system contribute to excretion of waste products from the human body (in 60-80 words).

Q5 Briefly describe the interaction of the reproductive and endocrine systems (in 60-80 words).

Answer 1

Q. 4

Excretion is the process of removing the waste products of metabolism from the body.

Urinary system and excretion:

The urinary system plays a major role in the excretion of the waste products from the body with the help of the kidneys by a process known as ultrafiltration. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. The waste products that are excreted from the urea, creatine, uric acid and excess salts and water. The waste product is known as urine.

Respiratory system and excretion:

The respiratory system aids in excretion by removing the carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system consists of the nose trachea, bronchi, alveoli which forms the lungs. The functional unit of the lungs is the alveolus by which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. The deoxygenated blood from different oarts of the body to the right atrium through the suoerior and inferior vena cava, then to to the right ventricle, which is pumped via the pulmonary artery into the lungs where oxygenation of the blood takes place and the respiratory by product carbon dioxide is exhaled outside.

Digestive system and excretion:

The small intestine absorbs the nutrients and the undigested solids, and the older cells of the GI tract are removed from the body by a process known as defecation through the anus. The waste product is known as faeces.

Integumentary system and excretion:

The integumentary system helps in excretion by a process called sweating. The middle layer of the skin, the dermis consists of the sweat glands which helps to maintain the homeostasis of the body by sweating or perspiration.

All these systems the urinary, respiratory, digeative and the integumentary work together to mainatin the homeostasis off the body and helps in maintaining the pH of the blood.

Q. 5

The endocrine system are a series of glands that secrete a chemical substance called hormones that regulate the functions of the body. Most of the hormones secreted by the endocrine system plays a major role in the reproductive system. Hormones that helps in reproduction

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone:

This hormone helps in the release of leutinizing hormone and the Follicle Stimulating Hormone.

Leutinizing hormone:

The increase in leutinizing hormone in women helps in the release of the ovum during ovulation. If fertilization occurs, it will stimulate the corpua luteum to secrete progesterone to sustain the pregnancy. In men, the leutinizing hormone also known as interstitial cell stimulating hormone stimulates the Leydig cells to prodce testosterone.

Follicle stimulating hormone:

It secretion starts the pubertal growth in men and women. In women, it stimulate the production of ovarian follicles and in men, it stimulates the Sertoli cells for the sperm production.

Prolactin:

Prolactin helps in the synthesis of milk in the mammary gland.

Oxytocin:

Oxytocin helps in the contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus during parturition. It also helps in the let-down reflex while feeding the baby.

The other hormones are progesterone, oestrogen, testosterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, etc

Without the proper regulation of these hormones the reproductive functions of the body cannot take place properly Thus the endocrine system and the reproductive system interact with each other.