im trying to make an exam study guideline fro my final next week, since i dont have much time i want to study the most important points as much as i can to get it also done with other things. I wanted to ask what are the major hallmarks of the following conditions in Renal Pathology in their manifestations and pathophysiologies;
1)Pyelonephritis (if possible, the differneces in the acute and chronic ones)
2)Glomerular disorders (especially this!! super complicated im gonna loose it)
3)acute kidney injury
4)chronic kidney disease
Please take your time, its pretty long as i can see form my lecture slides and if you could not make an overview but state out both major hallmarks of manifestations and pathologies it would help me so so much! Thank you!!!
1, Pyelonephritis:
It is a serious form of urinary tract infection(UTI).
Manifestation: High fever, chilling, nausea and vomiting
Pathophysiology:
An organism called E.coli o serotypes responsible for UTI that
impair urinary output with associated metabolic disorders. when
there are bacterial colonization effects eukaryotic cell signaling,
physiological facets of the infected organ. It causes scarring of
the renal parenchyma and impaired renal function.
2, Glomerular disorder:
this condition caused by a variety of environmental and genetic
causes.
Manifestations:
Albuminuria, hematuria, less glomerular filtration rate,
hypoproteinemia, edema
Pathophysiology:
Glomerular disease damage the glomeruli and cause protein and RBC
leak in the urine. It also interferes with the clearance of waste
products by the kidney, it accumulates in the blood. Albumin in the
urine can result in a fall in the bloodstream. when albumin leaks
into the urine. blood lose their capacity to absorb extra fluid
from the body.
3, Acute kidney injury:
It is a sudden episode of kidney failure or damage.
Manifestation:
Swelling of legs, ankle, and around the eyes, fatigue or tiredness,
confusion, shortness of breath, nausea, chest pain, and low urine
output
Pathophysiology:
when acute kidney injury occurs there will be less GRF resulting in
the retention of nitrogenous wastes, creatinine, and BUN, it causes
obstruction of urine flow and increase the intratubular process and
decrease GRF, impaired renal blood flow, and inflammatory process.
Due to obstruction of the urinary tract may lead to Acute kidney
injury.
4, chronic kidney disease:
It is a longstanding progressive deterioration of renal
function.
Manifestation:
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, stomatitis, nocturia, fatigue,
pruritis, decreased mental acuity, muscle cramps, Water retention,
and seizure.
Pathophysiology:
when renal tissues lose its function due to renal insufficiency
there will be less renal functioning adoption. due to decreased
renal function interference with the kidney ability to maintain
electrolyte homeostasis. initially, there will be low urine output
and less phosphate, acid, and potassium. when renal failure
advanced concentration urine is lost. urine osmolality will be 300
to 320mOsm/kg. plasma concentration decreases GRF there will be
high creatinine and urea level and increased sodium and water
concentration.
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