Question

im trying to make an exam study guideline fro my final next week, since i dont have much time i want to study the most important points as much as i can to get it also done with other things. I wanted to ask what are the major hallmarks of the following conditions in Renal Pathology in their manifestations and pathophysiologies;

1)Pyelonephritis (if possible, the differneces in the acute and chronic ones)

2)Glomerular disorders (especially this!! super complicated im gonna loose it)

3)acute kidney injury

4)chronic kidney disease

Please take your time, its pretty long as i can see form my lecture slides and if you could not make an overview but state out both major hallmarks of manifestations and pathologies it would help me so so much! Thank you!!!

Answer 1

1, Pyelonephritis:
It is a serious form of urinary tract infection(UTI).
Manifestation: High fever, chilling, nausea and vomiting
Pathophysiology:
An organism called E.coli o serotypes responsible for UTI that impair urinary output with associated metabolic disorders. when there are bacterial colonization effects eukaryotic cell signaling, physiological facets of the infected organ. It causes scarring of the renal parenchyma and impaired renal function.
2, Glomerular disorder:
this condition caused by a variety of environmental and genetic causes.
Manifestations:
Albuminuria, hematuria, less glomerular filtration rate, hypoproteinemia, edema
Pathophysiology:
Glomerular disease damage the glomeruli and cause protein and RBC leak in the urine. It also interferes with the clearance of waste products by the kidney, it accumulates in the blood. Albumin in the urine can result in a fall in the bloodstream. when albumin leaks into the urine. blood lose their capacity to absorb extra fluid from the body.
3, Acute kidney injury:
It is a sudden episode of kidney failure or damage.
Manifestation:
Swelling of legs, ankle, and around the eyes, fatigue or tiredness, confusion, shortness of breath, nausea, chest pain, and low urine output
Pathophysiology:
when acute kidney injury occurs there will be less GRF resulting in the retention of nitrogenous wastes, creatinine, and BUN, it causes obstruction of urine flow and increase the intratubular process and decrease GRF, impaired renal blood flow, and inflammatory process. Due to obstruction of the urinary tract may lead to Acute kidney injury.
4, chronic kidney disease:
It is a longstanding progressive deterioration of renal function.
Manifestation:
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, stomatitis, nocturia, fatigue, pruritis, decreased mental acuity, muscle cramps, Water retention, and seizure.
Pathophysiology:
when renal tissues lose its function due to renal insufficiency there will be less renal functioning adoption. due to decreased renal function interference with the kidney ability to maintain electrolyte homeostasis. initially, there will be low urine output and less phosphate, acid, and potassium. when renal failure advanced concentration urine is lost. urine osmolality will be 300 to 320mOsm/kg. plasma concentration decreases GRF there will be high creatinine and urea level and increased sodium and water concentration.