Question

My Study on Sickle Cell Anemia Research 
In 500 words, answer the following questions

1.Select your study sample

2. How have you selected your sample?

3. How will you select your sample population and give the rationale behind your decision

Please type the solution on the keyboard so that I can copy and paste

Q. No 1. Answer :

Sickle cell disease : It is defined as it is a chronic heriditory form of Anemia, in which the red blood cells forms like sickle shape or crescent shape at low oxygen levels.

Q. No 2. Answer :

Study or statement of the problem :

'' A Study to assess the knowledge regarding sickle cell anemia and it's complications among 3 ^rd year BSc nursing students and improve knowledge by information booklets''

Goal :

Knowledge regarding sickle cell anemia is important to the BSc nursing students because they are care providers in clinical settings, in future.

Specific objectives :

1. To assess knowledge regarding sickle cell anemia among third year BSc Nursing students.

2. To Assess knowledge regarding complications of sickle cell anemia.

3. To associate the knowledge levels regarding sickle cell anemia and it's complications.

Q. No 3. Answer

Need for the study : or why we selected this topic and important and it's scope in health :

* Approximately nearly 20 babies / 1000 live births are born with sickle cell anemia.

* It is occurring 1 out of 365 blocks or African American births.

* according to some new study 2018 N. Stephen was given report that 2,50,000 children are born with sickle cell anemia is world wide.

So, the study regarding sickle cell anemia is important among nursing student, if they have knowledge regarding this disease and it's complications she may educate the community people like as a community health educator or community health nurse.

Q. No 4. Answer :

Introduction :

Sickle cell disease is a group of disorder that affects the hemoglobin in the red blood cells and supply oxygen to through out the body, in this type disease the red blood cells forms like sickle or crescent shape, so that the normal red blood cells are also can be get destroyed.

It is also known as sickle cell anemia.

It is an inheritent or genetic disorder.

This disease leads to some complications like gall stones, lung crisis, pulmonary hypertension and stroke, etc.

Reference

Pathophysiology of Blood Disorders, Second Edition 2nd Edition

by Howard Franklin Bunn (Author), Jon C. Aster (Author)

ANSWER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Sickle cell disease or sickle cell anemia is an haemoglobinopathy in which normal Haemoglobin A is partially or completely replaced by Haemoglobin S due to mutation with a single amino acid substitution of glutamic acid for valine , leading to  abnormal sickle shaped red blood cells ,which results into typical condition of the disease like haemolytic anemia and vaso-occlusion. There are  recurrent episodes of painful crisis and end organ damage. It is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder.

Signs and symptoms of sickle cell disease is caused by sickling of red blood cells. When these cells sickle, they break down leading to anemia . Anemia leads to -

• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Repeated infections
• Delayed growth and development in children

These sickled blood cells are rigid, stiff and inflexible and tends to stuck in small blood vessels leading to painful episodes.

Normally humans have - Hb A - 2 Alpha + 2 beta Chains (makes upto 95-98% Hb in adults)

Hb A2- 2 Alpha + 2 delta

Hb F - 2 alpha + 2 gamma

In Sickle cell disorders -

• Sickle cell Trait - SICKLE Hb ( Hb S) + Normal Hb ( Hb A)   
• Sickle cell Anemia - Hb S + Hb S - Most severe form , No Hb A

Treatment- A Blood and bone marrow transplant .

ANSWER 2- Review of literature

Historically , Sickle cell anaemia has its birth in Africa so is beleived that the mutant sickle gene is originated from black African population , confering resistance to a type of malaria.

The first report of the disease occured in United stgates in autopsies of patients in whom it was identified as spleenic agenesis in African american population.

Henrick in 1910 made the first scientific report to observe the appearence of red blood cells .

Because of high prevalence in Brazil sickle cell disease is consodered to be a public health problem , and there are many studies going on that are co-relating the influence of different factors like , Age, Sex, Nutrition , Weight on the manifestation of the disease.

Reference

Pathophysiology of Blood Disorders, Second Edition 2nd Edition

by Howard Franklin Bunn (Author), Jon C. Aster (Author)

The selection of my study approach is based on :

Research approaches are plans and the procedures for research that span the steps from broad assumptions to detailed methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. This plan involves several decisions, and they need not be taken in the order in which they make sense to me and the order of their presentation here. The overall decision involves which approach should be used to study a topic. Informing this decision should be the philosophical assumptions the researcher brings to the study; procedures of inquiry (called research designs); and specific research methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The selection of a research approach is also based on the nature of the research problem or issue being addressed, the researchers’ personal experiences, and the audiences for the study. Thus, in this book, research approaches, research designs, and research methods are three key terms that represent a perspective about research that presents information in a successive way from broad constructions of research to the narrow procedures of methods.

1Q.The reasons for selecting sickle cell anemia are:

Sickle cell anemia can make life more difficult, particularly for a child, who will need to deal with delayed sexual maturity and stunted growth. You will need to avoid things that can cause a crisis, such as certain medication that restricts blood vessels, high altitudes, and strenuous exercise.

All major organs are affected by sickle cell disease. The liver, heart, kidneys, gallbladder, eyes, bones, and joints can suffer damage from the abnormal function of the sickle cells and their inability to flow through the small blood vessels correctly.

Mortality in sickle cell disease. Life expectancy and risk factors for early death. ... RESULTS: Among children and adults with sickle cell anemia (homozygous forsickle hemoglobin), the median age at death was 42 years for males and 48 years for females

Early signs and symptoms of sickle cell disease include swelling of the hands andfeet; symptoms of anemia, including fatigue, or extreme tiredness; and jaundice. Over time, sickle cell disease can lead to complications such as infections, delayed growth, and episodes of pain, called pain crises..

2 Q.The reasons for selecting this approach are:

Fifty percent of patients with sickle cell anemia survived beyond the fifth decade. A large proportion of those who died had no overt chronic organ failure but died during an acute episode of pain, chest syndrome, or stroke. Early mortality was highest among patients whose disease was symptomatic

If you have kidney disease or heart failure before you get pregnant, it may getworse during pregnancy. Generally, women with sickle cell trait do not have problems from the disorder. ... Pregnant women with sickle cell trait can also have a kind of anemia caused by not having enough iron in their blood.

Sickle cell disease effects fertility in both males and females, but more often in males than in females. This is likely because of the delay in puberty (sexual maturation), priapism, and primary gonad dysfunction. ... As a result, they had few sperm counts and had issues with fertility.

Reference

Pathophysiology of Blood Disorders, Second Edition 2nd Edition, Kindle Edition

by Howard Franklin Bunn (Author), Jon C. Aster (Author)

Answer 1

1. Study sample is the unit selected from the population whom we select to conduct study on them .

In this study on sickle cell anemia , I will select people from Hispanic American group because it is one of the ethnic group in which sickle cell anemia is more common . It would be easy to conduct the study as it will help to see the different aspects of sickle cell anemia .

2. I have selected the sample from the population of Hispanic American group by using probability method of sampling . I have used the systematic sampling method . Systematic sampling method is a method in which samples are put in order and every k^th sample is taken for the study .

K^th factor is population size divided by sample size .

3. I have used the systematic sampling method of probability sampling to select the samples because it provides equal chances to the sample for getting selected and avoids bias .